Direct-injection screening for acidic drugs in plasma and neutral drugs in equine urine by differential-gradient LC–LC coupled MS/MS

Stanley, Shawn M.R.; Wee, Wei Khee; Lim, Boon Huat; Foo, Hsiao Ching

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.041

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Other small molecules ---Anabolic androgenic steroids Decloedt et al [96] --Novel phychoactive substances Cawley et al [97] --Biphosphonates Stanley et al [101] Stanley et al [101] Various substances Heffron et al [99] , Kwok et al [100] , Rosemann et al [103] , Kioussi et al [107] , Zahra et al [113] , Howitt et al [121] , Howitt et al [122] growth hormone. [28,29] In the study of Richards et al, [27] although there is no indication that the particular aptamer offers advantages over the use of a polyclonal GnRH antibody, the provision of sufficient information that aptamers are worthy of consideration as affinity reagents has been proven.…”

Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, few dilute-and-shoot methods have been established for the initial screening tests in equine urine. [100,101] This is attributed to…”

Section: Horse Urine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[100,109] The precipitated proteins are removed by centrifugation and the supernatant is subjected directly to LC-MS/MS system at 'direct-injection' methods. [101,108] Moreover, the sample preparation may include the step of extraction either off-line or on-line. The detection of 302 drugs in equine plasma by applying only a single step of LLE with methyltert-butyl ether prior to LC-MS/MS analysis, has been reported in the literature.…”

Section: Horse Plasma Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has become the technique preferred for the analysis of polar and ionizable compounds, [114][115][116] as occurred in the detection of myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) in equine urine and plasma which is a new drug, capable of increasing the amount of oxygen in hypoxic tissues and is an ideal candidate as doping agent in racehorses. [117,118] LC-MS instruments equipped with mass analyzers with MS/MS capabilities, such as triple quadrupole (QqQ) [104][105][106]108] and triple quadrupole/linear ion trap (QTrap), [101,106,110,112,119] have been implemented successfully in common screening methods in equine doping control. These LC-MS/MS systems provide analyses with high sensitivity and specificity which are critical prerequisites for the detection of banned compounds in trace concentration levels in complex biological samples.…”

Section: Mass Spectrometric Techniques In the Equine Doping Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A sensitive EPI scan function is activated when an MRM survey scan signal exceeds the defined information dependent acquisition (with dynamic background substraction) criteria. [101] • Sixty-six multiclass drugs in equine plasma through a high throughput LC-method in positive ESI mode with SRM scan function. The resolution for the selection of the precursor ions in Q1 and the product ions in Q3 is set to unit mass.…”

Section: Mass Spectrometric Techniques In the Equine Doping Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Of major concern in horseracing is the absence of a single organization regulating the anti-doping framework; instead of this, individual racing authorities provide rules and regulations often resulting in variations in the applied doping control programmes of different countries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature (approximately from 2012 to mid-2016) to highlight the numerous and diverse challenges faced in doping control of racing and equestrian sports, including the detection of designer drugs (anabolic steroids or stimulants) and of other emerging prohibited substances, such as peptides and noble gases in horse urine and plasma. Moreover, the application of 'omics' techniques (especially of metabolomics) deserves attention for establishing possible fingerprints of drug abuse as well as the evolution of instrumental analysis resulting a powerful ally in the fight against doping in equine sports.

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Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, few dilute-and-shoot methods have been established for the initial screening tests in equine urine. [100,101] This is attributed to…”

Section: Horse Urine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Horse Plasma Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mass Spectrometric Techniques In the Equine Doping Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mass Spectrometric Techniques In the Equine Doping Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Use of Triple Quadrupole–Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry as a Single LC–MS Platform in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Studies

Jian

Yao

Wen

et al. 2011

Mass Spectrometry in Drug Metabolism and Disposition

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Toxicological screening of human plasma by on‐line SPE‐HPLC‐DAD: identification and quantification of acidic and neutral drugs

Mut

Grobosch

Binscheck-Domaß

et al. 2015

Biomedical Chromatography

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A multi-analyte screening method for the quantification of 50 acidic/neutral drugs in human plasma based on on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE)-HPLC with photodiode array detection (DAD) was developed, validated and applied for clinical investigation. Acetone and methanol for protein precipitation, three different SPE materials (two electro-neutral, one strong anion-exchange, one weak cation-exchange) for on-line extraction, five HPLC-columns [one C18 (GeminiNX), two phenyl-hexyl (Gemini C6 -Phenyl, Kinetex Phenyl-Hexyl) and two pentafluorophenyl (LunaPFP(2), KinetexPFP)] for analytical separation were tested. For sample pre-treatment, acetone in the ratio 1:2 (plasma:acetone) showed a better baseline and fewer matrix peaks in the chromatogram than methanol. Only the strong anion-exchanger SPE cartridge (StrataX-A, pH 6) allowed the extraction of salicylic acid. Analytical separation was carried out on a Gemini C6 -Phenyl column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) using gradient elution with acetonitrile-water 90:10 (v/v) and phosphate buffer (pH 2.3). Linear calibration curves with correlation coefficients r ≥ 0.9950/0.9910 were obtained for 46/four analytes. Additionally, this method allows the quantification of 23 analytes for therapeutic drug monitoring. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 (amobarbital) to 23 mg/L (salicylic acid). Inter-/intra-day precisions of quality control samples (low/high) were better than 13% and accuracy (bias) ranged from -14 to 10%. A computer-assisted database was created for automated detection of 223 analytes of toxicological interests. Four cases of multi-drug intoxications are presented.

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Direct-injection screening for acidic drugs in plasma and neutral drugs in equine urine by differential-gradient LC–LC coupled MS/MS

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Use of Triple Quadrupole–Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry as a Single LC–MS Platform in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Studies

Toxicological screening of human plasma by on‐line SPE‐HPLC‐DAD: identification and quantification of acidic and neutral drugs

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