Direct In Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Haemoglobin in Red Blood Cells

Abstract

The electrochemical behavior of iron ion in haemoglobin provides insight to the chemical activity in the red blood cell which is important in the field of hematology. Herein, the detection of haemoglobin in human red blood cells on glassy carbon electrode (GC) was demonstrated. Red blood cells or raw blood cells was immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode surface with Nafion films employed to sandwich the layer of biological sample firmly on the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses revealed a well-defined reduction peak for haemoglobin at about −0.30 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at the red blood cell (GC-Nf-RBC-3Nf) and blood (GC-Nf-B-3Nf) film modified GCE in a pH 3.5 phosphate buffer solution. We further demonstrated that the complex biological conditions of a human red blood cell displayed no interference with the detection of haemoglobin. Such findings shall have an implication on the possibilities of studying the electrochemical behaviour of haemoglobin directly from human blood, for various scientific and clinical purposes.

Electrochemical Red Blood Cell Counting: One at a Time

“…[7][8][9][10] Herein, an analytical method for af ast count of red blood cells is presented, under conditions suitable for ap oint-ofcare test. Further, importantly and newly,w ee xploit the catalytic response of RBC towards hydrogen peroxide which is hitherto yet to be explored electrochemically.T he fast response of the cells towards the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide together with the use of as tate-of-the-art nanoimpact technique allowed us to detect the individual cells near am icroelectrode.U sing this technique,s imultaneous information on unknown RBC concentrations can be gained as well as cell activity towards H 2 O 2 .W ef irst investigated the electrochemical response arising from RBC immobilized on an edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG, R = 1.5 mm) serving as aw orking electrode.E PPG is compatible with biological molecules [11] thus eliminating complexity from additional supporting materials such as nafion, [7,8] or graphitized mesoporous carbon. [12] Specifically,f acile electron transfer of the FeIII/FeII redox couple of haemoglobin on EPPG was demonstrated by Toha te l. [13] In all measurements reported here,ap latinum wire and as aturated calomel electrode (SCE) were used as ac ounter electrode and ar eference electrode,respectively.T omimic aclinical condition environment, a20mm PBS solution at pH 7.4 under no degasification (solution of air atmosphere was present) was used in all measurements (see the Supporting Information for further details).…”

“…This is consistent with previous results that demonstrated direct oxygen reduction using other electrodes modified with RBC or complete blood. [7,8,12,15] Here,w es how that this is true for solutions containing high RBC concentrations as well. TheR BC concentration in the human blood is around 50 % [16] (ca.…”

“…[6] Thea pplications of electrochemical methods for these purposes are advantageous mostly because of the practical characteristics of electrochemical devices notably fast response,r apid diagnostic,a nd cost-effective materials which can be used in situ and often at point of care.Recently, few reports have suggested that red blood cells (RBC) can be electrochemically detected directly on various electrodes. [7][8][9][10] Herein, an analytical method for af ast count of red blood cells is presented, under conditions suitable for ap oint-ofcare test. Further, importantly and newly,w ee xploit the catalytic response of RBC towards hydrogen peroxide which is hitherto yet to be explored electrochemically.T he fast response of the cells towards the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide together with the use of as tate-of-the-art nanoimpact technique allowed us to detect the individual cells near am icroelectrode.U sing this technique,s imultaneous information on unknown RBC concentrations can be gained as well as cell activity towards H 2 O 2 .W ef irst investigated the electrochemical response arising from RBC immobilized on an edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG, R = 1.5 mm) serving as aw orking electrode.E PPG is compatible with biological molecules [11] thus eliminating complexity from additional supporting materials such as nafion, [7,8] or graphitized mesoporous carbon.…”

Electrochemical Detection of Hemoglobin: A Review

“…A solid state sensing platform was fabricated by sandwiching a red blood cell layer between layers of Nafion on a glassy carbon electrode surface . The Nafion layers were drop coated and they showed excellent characteristics such as stabilization of the red blood cells and provided an exchangeable source of H + for the molecules within the membranes.…”

Anemia Diagnosis on a Simple Paper-based Assay

“…Kaiho and Muzino (14) expounded sensitive and rapid colorimetric assays based on 2,7diaminofluorene. Toh et al (15) used glassy carbon electrodes coated with Nafion layers for electrochemical detection of hemoglobin by invoking the principle of cyclic voltammetry.…”