Direct identification by PCR of EBV types and variants in clinical samples

Falk, Kerstin I.; Zou, Jie-Zhi; Lucht, E; Linde, Annika; Ernberg, Ingemar

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199704)51:4<355::aid-jmv15>3.0.co;2-h

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In prior studies of HIV-infected patients without KS or AIDS, the detection rates in saliva for HSV-1/HSV-2 were 24% (4,20), EBV, 71% to 93% (6,18,24,42,43), CMV, 17% to 77% (19,20,25,44), and HHV-8, 0% to 57% (3, 4, 11, 13, 36-38, 56, 68, 71). Most prior studies examined for individual HHVs in saliva, not their simultaneous presence, and oral lesions may have been present or not reported (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

High Prevalence of Multiple Human Herpesviruses in Saliva from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Miller¹,

Berger²,

Mootoor³

et al. 2006

J Clin Microbiol

134

122

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an increased risk for human herpesviruses (HHVs) and their related diseases. Methods for limiting the transmission of HHVs require a better understanding of the prevalence and infectiousness of oral HHVs in HIV-infected patients. We performed quantitative PCR to investigate the prevalence, quantity, risk, and correlates of salivary HHVs from 58 HIVseropositive individuals in a case control study. HHVs were significantly more prevalent in the salivas of HIV-seropositive persons than in those of the controls (odds ratios [ORs], 4.2 to 26.2; P < 0.008). In HIV-infected patients, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were detected in 90%, 57%, 31% and 16% of samples, respectively, compared with 48%, 24%, 2%, and 2%, respectively, of samples from controls. Multiple HHVs were observed in 71% of HIV-seropositive persons and only 16% of controls (OR, 13.0; 95% confidence interval, 5.29 to 32.56). HIV-positive patients had significantly higher EBV loads than HIV-negative persons (P < 0.0001). HIVinfected patients with CD4 counts above 200 cells/l had increased probability for having HHV-8 in saliva (P ‫؍‬ 0.009) compared with patients whose counts were less than 200. In contrast, HSV-1, EBV, and CMV were detected more often when CD4 counts were low. High salivary HHV loads were detected for those (n ‫؍‬ 7) with oral lesions. These findings suggest that saliva is a potential risk factor for the acquisition of multiple HHVs, and several host factors may function to accelerate HHV reactivation or replication in patients with HIV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

High Prevalence of Multiple Human Herpesviruses in Saliva from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Miller¹,

Berger²,

Mootoor³

et al. 2006

J Clin Microbiol

134

122

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“…A variety of natural EBV variants have been discovered, and inter-person transmissions traced (Lung et al, 1991 ;Cen et al, 1991 ;Alfieri et al, 1996 ;Falk et al, 1997). Furthermore, discrete mutations, involving point substitutions and deletions or insertions of single bases or longer stretches in other genomic regions, have also been observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of naturally occurring Epstein-Barr virus revealed by nucleotide sequence polymorphism in hypervariable domains in the BamHI K and N subgenomic regions.

Triantos

Boulter

Leao

et al. 1998

Journal of General Virology

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The extent of nucleotide sequence microheterogeneity varies among subgenomic regions of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We examined, in EBVcarrying lymphoid cell lines, the extent of polymorphism in EBV DNA fragments amplified from the BamHI E, K, N and Z regions, and then investigated the diversity of the more hypervariable regions in tissues and body fluids. In cell lines, sequence dissimilarities in a genotype-specifying fragment of the EBNA-3C gene varied from 1-4 % within each genotype ; dissimilarities in the first intron of the BZLF-1 gene were 2 % within each genotype. By contrast, dissimilarities in a C-terminal unique domain of the EBNA-1 gene, and in a fragment that encompasses and is upstream of the LMP-1 start codon, varied between 2 and 7 % and were not

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“…Mixed infections with two different strains have been reported for other human herpesviruses, notably human cytomegalovirus (7), Epstein-Barr virus (15), and human herpesvirus type 6 (8). Second-episode varicella has been observed in recent years, increasing the possibility of intrastrain recombination in the host (3,18,21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Identification of Three Major Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus: Longitudinal Clustering and Strategies for Genotyping

Loparev

González

DeLeon-Carnes

et al. 2004

J Virol

137

252

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By analysis of a single, variable, and short DNA sequence of 447 bp located within open reading frame 22 (ORF22), we discriminated three major varicella-zoster virus (VZV) genotypes. VZV isolates from all six inhabited continents that showed nearly complete homology to ORF22 of the European reference strain Dumas were assigned to the European (E) genotype. All Japanese isolates, defined as the Japanese (J) genotype, were identical in the respective genomic region and proved the most divergent from the E strains, carrying four distinct variations. The remaining isolates carried a combination of E-and J-specific variations in the target sequence and thus were collectively termed the mosaic (M) genotype. Three hundred twenty-six isolates collected in 27 countries were genotyped. A distinctive longitudinal distribution of VZV genotypes supports this approach. Among 111 isolates collected from European patients, 96.4% were genotype E. Consistent with this observation, approximately 80% of the VZV strains from the United States were also genotype E. Similarly, genotype E viruses were dominant in the Asian part of Russia and in eastern Australia. M genotype viruses were strongly dominant in tropical regions of Africa, Indochina, and Central America, and they were common in western Australia. However, genotype M viruses were also identified as a minority in several countries worldwide. Two major intertypic variations of genotype M strains were identified, suggesting that the M genotype can be further differentiated into subgenotypes. These data highlight the direction for future VZV genotyping efforts. This approach provides the first simple genotyping method for VZV strains in clinical samples.Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus that commonly causes chicken pox (varicella), usually in young children. Following primary infection a lifelong latent infection is established, and the virus often reactivates in adulthood or senescence to cause shingles (zoster). The VZV genome consists of 125 kb of linear, double-stranded DNA comprising one long and one short unique region, each flanked by inverted repeats (10), and five internal repeat regions (R1 to R5) have been identified. The VZV genome contains at least 71 open reading frames (ORFs), and the functions of many of the proteins they encode have been characterized (10).During the past 2 decades, several groups attempted to evaluate VZV phylogeny. Early efforts in VZV typing used DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis (13,37,38), an approach that confirmed the identity of the VZV strain that causes varicella on primary infection and later reactivates to cause zoster. Relatively consistent restriction enzyme digestion profiles for different VZV strains were observed, providing the first evidence that VZV has a highly conserved genome. Intrastrain variation in restriction enzyme fragment profiles among wild-type VZV isolates was observed (22,36,37). However, the most prominent differences were linked to variation in the number and composi...

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Direct identification by PCR of EBV types and variants in clinical samples

Cited by 31 publications

References 38 publications

High Prevalence of Multiple Human Herpesviruses in Saliva from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

High Prevalence of Multiple Human Herpesviruses in Saliva from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Diversity of naturally occurring Epstein-Barr virus revealed by nucleotide sequence polymorphism in hypervariable domains in the BamHI K and N subgenomic regions.

Global Identification of Three Major Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus: Longitudinal Clustering and Strategies for Genotyping

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