Direct greenhouse gas emissions of the South African small stock sectors

Abstract

There are increasing concerns about the impact of agriculture and livestock production on the environment. As a result, it is important to have accurate estimations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions if reduction measures are to be established. In this study the direct GHG emissions from South African sheep and goats during 2010 were calculated. Calculations were done per province and in total. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology, adapted for tropical production systems, was used to calculate methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions on a Tier 2 level. Small stock is a key methane emission source in the South African livestock sector, and is responsible for an estimated 15.6% of the total livestock emissions. Small stock contributed an estimated 207.7 Giga gram (Gg) to the total livestock methane emissions in South Africa in 2010, with sheep producing 167 Gg and goats producing 40.7 Gg. Calculated enteric methane emission factors for both commercial and communal sheep of 8.5 kg/head/year and 6.1 kg/head/year, respectively, were higher than the IPCC default value of 5 kg CH 4 /head/year for developing countries. A similar tendency was found with goat emission factors. The highest sheep and goat methane emissions were reported for the Eastern Cape province, primarily because of animal numbers. ________________________________________________________________________________

Enteric Methane Emissions Estimate for Livestock in South Africa for 1990–2014

“…In 2010, the South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) estimated the country's enteric fermentation emissions for 2004 with a Tier 2 approach for dairy and non-dairy cattle [22]. There has been further work post-2005 that estimated emissions from enteric fermentation using country-specific activity data [23,24].…”

Direct greenhouse gas emissions of the game industry in South Africa

“…Black wildebeest and tsessebe had estimated daily CH 4 emission factors (g CH 4 /kg LW/day) that are similar to those of commercial dual purpose breeding rams, but lower emission factors than those of commercial breeding goat bucks with 0.39, 0.38, 0.37 and 0.43 for black wildebeest, tsessebe, commercial dual purpose breeding rams and breeding goat bucks, respectively. Impala and springbok had numerically higher estimated daily CH 4 emissions factors (g CH 4 /kg LW/day) than commercially farmed goats with similar liveweights as reported by Du Toit et al (2013b) with 0.50 and 0.48 compared to 0.40 and 0.44 for impala, springbok, young does and kids, respectively. Tables 8a and 8b reports on the estimated South African privately owned game population according to province, based on the norms presented by ABSA (2003) in Appendices 1A and 1B.…”

“…(Du Toit et al, 2013a). The daily CH 4 emission factors of smaller antelope reported in Table 7 were compared to commercial small stock emission factors with similar liveweights according to Du Toit et al (2013b). Black wildebeest and tsessebe had estimated daily CH 4 emission factors (g CH 4 /kg LW/day) that are similar to those of commercial dual purpose breeding rams, but lower emission factors than those of commercial breeding goat bucks with 0.39, 0.38, 0.37 and 0.43 for black wildebeest, tsessebe, commercial dual purpose breeding rams and breeding goat bucks, respectively.…”

Penurunan Emisi Polutan Kambing Peranakan Etawah Yang Diberi Wafer Ransum Limbah Inkonvensional Melalui Aplikasi Teknologi Biofermentasi Dan Suplementasi

“…Kambing adalah hewan ruminansia dan menghasilkan CH 4 enterik. Seperti dilaporkan oleh Du Toit et al (2013) bahwa ternak kambing di Afrika Selatan memproduksi metana dalam kisaran 15 hingga 17 g/kg DM per hari. Metana sebagai gas rumah kaca (GHG) adalah penyebab kekhawatiran dalam pemanasan global (Storm et al, 2012).…”