Direct Frequency Modulation In AlGaAs Semiconductor Lasers

Kobayashi, Soichi; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa; Ito, Minoru; Kimura, Tatsuya

doi:10.1109/tmtt.1982.1131084

Cited by 48 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…On the other hand, a similar behavior has also been observed with conventional semiconductor laser diodes 11 for which an analytical model was derived; 22 we consider here the simple thermal response R(f) consisting of three cascaded first-order low-pass filters (Eq. (1)) illustrated in Fig.…”

supporting

confidence: 54%

“…7,8 While the picosecond carrier lifetime in QCLs allows a very fast modulation of the intensity above 10 GHz, 9,10 the modulation of the optical frequency-or wavelength-is limited by the thermal dynamics of the device. Indeed, unlike interband semiconductor laser diodes whose wavelength can be modulated at high speed through carrier density modulation, 11,12 the latter has no effect in QCLs because of the symmetric gain curve and associated independence of the refractive index at the gain peak (zero alpha parameter). 13 The wavelength tuning in DFB-QCLs is therefore mainly governed by the temperature dependence of the refractive index with a tuning rate of 1/k dk/dT % 7 Â 10 À5 1/K.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wavelength tuning and thermal dynamics of continuous-wave mid-infrared distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers

Tombez

Cappelli

Schilt

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on the wavelength tuning dynamics in continuous-wave distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). The wavelength tuning response for direct current modulation of two mid-IR QCLs from different suppliers was measured from 10 Hz up to several MHz using ro-vibrational molecular resonances as frequency-to-intensity converters. Unlike the output intensity, which can be modulated up to several gigahertz, the frequency-modulation bandwidth was found to be on the order of 200 kHz, limited by the laser thermal dynamics. A non-negligible roll-off and a significant phase shift are observed above a few hundred hertz already and explained by a thermal model.Since the first demonstration of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in 1994, 1 the number of promising application in the field of chemical sensing for biomedical and environmental sciences has been constantly rising during the last years. Indeed, thanks to the ability to tailor their emission wavelength and to target precisely selected ro-vibrational molecular transitions in the fingerprint region, QCLs were demonstrated to be very sensitive probes for a wide variety of molecules.2 Single-frequency QCLs are generally required for trace gas sensing and a common approach is to use a distributed feedback (DFB) grating etched at the surface of the QCL active region in order to force laser operation at a precise wavelength.3 Moreover, promising developments in the field of high-resolution spectroscopy can lead to the possibility of performing measurements with unprecedented precision, especially by linking spectrally narrow QCLs to optical frequency combs. 4,5 In order to push the limits of those highresolution experiments, narrow-linewidth sources of coherent light which can be achieved by active stabilization of DFB-QCLs to optical references with high-bandwidth servoloops are required. 6,7 For the most demanding applications in the field of high-resolution spectroscopy, frequency-noise analysis revealed that feedback loop bandwidths of several hundred of kHz are necessary for linewidth narrowing of DFB-QCLs. 7,8 While the picosecond carrier lifetime in QCLs allows a very fast modulation of the intensity above 10 GHz, 9,10 the modulation of the optical frequency-or wavelength-is limited by the thermal dynamics of the device. Indeed, unlike interband semiconductor laser diodes whose wavelength can be modulated at high speed through carrier density modulation, 11,12 the latter has no effect in QCLs because of the symmetric gain curve and associated independence of the refractive index at the gain peak (zero alpha parameter). 13 The wavelength tuning in DFB-QCLs is therefore mainly governed by the temperature dependence of the refractive index with a tuning rate of 1/k dk/dT % 7 Â 10 À5

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supporting

confidence: 54%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength tuning and thermal dynamics of continuous-wave mid-infrared distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers

Tombez

Cappelli

Schilt

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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“…A changed carrier density shifts the refractive index of the material that makes up the laser cavity and thereby changes the frequency of the lasing mode. A second mechanism that leads to changes in the optical frequency is a thermal effect that enhances frequency modulations below 5 MHz by as much as a few orders of magnitude [20], [21]. If the pumping current is modulated at a rate significantly slower than the gigahertz internal timescale typical for semiconductor lasers, then the output power and frequency will adiabatically follow the input so that they depend in a linear fashion on the current when the laser is operated far above threshold.…”

Section: A Source: Semiconductor Lasermentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Speed Chaos in an Optical Feedback System With Flexible Timescales

Blakely

Illing

Gauthier

2004

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-We describe a new optoelectronic device with timedelayed feedback that uses a Mach-Zehnder interferometer as passive nonlinearity and a semiconductor laser as a current-to-opticalfrequency converter. Band-limited feedback allows tuning of the characteristic time scales of both the periodic and high dimensional chaotic oscillations that can be generated with the device. Our implementation of the device produces oscillations in the frequency range of tens to hundreds of megahertz. We develop a model and use it to explore the experimentally observed Andronov-Hopf bifurcation of the steady state and to estimate the dimension of the chaotic attractor.

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“…Concurrent to the development of direct frequency modulation of semiconductor lasers in works such as [42], [43] performed digital data transmission experiments using a Michelson interferometer to discriminate optical frequency shift keying (FSK).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear, Low Noise Microwave Photonic Systems using Phase and Frequency Modulation

Wyrwas¹

2012

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. All rights reserved.Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. Photonic systems that transmit and process microwave-frequency analog signals have traditionally been encumbered by relatively large signal distortion and noise. Optical phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM) are promising techniques that can improve system performance. In this dissertation, I discuss an optical filtering approach to demodulation of PM and FM signals, which does not rely on high frequency electronics, and which scales in linearity with increasing photonic integration. I present an analytical model, filter designs and simulations, and experimental results using planar lightwave circuit (PLC) filters and FM distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. The linearity of the PM and FM photonic links exceed that of the current state-of-the-art.

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Direct Frequency Modulation In AlGaAs Semiconductor Lasers

Cited by 48 publications

References 19 publications

Wavelength tuning and thermal dynamics of continuous-wave mid-infrared distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers

Wavelength tuning and thermal dynamics of continuous-wave mid-infrared distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers

High-Speed Chaos in an Optical Feedback System With Flexible Timescales

Linear, Low Noise Microwave Photonic Systems using Phase and Frequency Modulation

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