Direct First Parker Solar Probe Observation of the Interaction of Two Successive Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections in 2020 November

Nieves‐Chinchilla, Teresa; Alzate, Nathalia; Cremades, H.; Rodríguez-García, Laura; Santos, L. F. Guedes dos; Narock, Ayris; Xie, H.; Szabó, Á.; Palmerio, Erika; Krupař, V.; Pulupa, M.; Lario, D.; Stevens, Michael L.; Wilson, L. B.; Kwon, Ryun-Young; Mays, M. L.; StCyr, O. C.; Hess, Phillip; Reeves, Katharine K.; Seaton, Daniel B.; Niembro, Tatiana; Bale, S. D.; Kasper, J. C.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac590b

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The CME event of 2020 Nov. 29 has been widely studied and identified as the largest widespread SEP event of solar cycle 25 and the direct first PSP observation of the interaction of two successive ICMEs (Cohen et al 2021b;Mitchell et al 2021;Kollhoff et al 2021;Lario et al 2021;Mason et al 2021a;Möstl et al 2022;Nieves-Chinchilla et al 2022).…”

Section: Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PAD and first-order anisotropies studies at SolO, STEREO-A, and Wind S/C suggest that diffusive propagation processes were involved. Nieves-Chinchilla et al (2022) analyzed multi-S/C observations and included different models and techniques focusing on creating the heliospheric scenario of the CMEs' evolution and propagation and the impact on their internal structure at PSP . The observations of PSP , STEREO-A, and Wind of type II and III radio burst emissions indicate a significant left-handed polarization, which has never been detected in that frequency range.…”

Section: Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parker Solar Probe: Four Years of Discoveries at Solar Cycle Minimum

et al. 2023

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Launched on 12 Aug. 2018, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe had completed 13 of its scheduled 24 orbits around the Sun by Nov. 2022. The mission’s primary science goal is to determine the structure and dynamics of the Sun’s coronal magnetic field, understand how the solar corona and wind are heated and accelerated, and determine what processes accelerate energetic particles. Parker Solar Probe returned a treasure trove of science data that far exceeded quality, significance, and quantity expectations, leading to a significant number of discoveries reported in nearly 700 peer-reviewed publications. The first four years of the 7-year primary mission duration have been mostly during solar minimum conditions with few major solar events. Starting with orbit 8 (i.e., 28 Apr. 2021), Parker flew through the magnetically dominated corona, i.e., sub-Alfvénic solar wind, which is one of the mission’s primary objectives. In this paper, we present an overview of the scientific advances made mainly during the first four years of the Parker Solar Probe mission, which go well beyond the three science objectives that are: (1) Trace the flow of energy that heats and accelerates the solar corona and solar wind; (2) Determine the structure and dynamics of the plasma and magnetic fields at the sources of the solar wind; and (3) Explore mechanisms that accelerate and transport energetic particles.

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Section: Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parker Solar Probe: Four Years of Discoveries at Solar Cycle Minimum

et al. 2023

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“…The remote-sensing and in-situ plasma measurements were used to constrain the parameters of the LFFS model. Using the coronagraphs onboard STA and SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), Nieves-Chinchilla et al (2022) obtained kinematic CME parameters at 0.1 au from the Graduated Cylindrical Shell (GCS; Thernisien et al (2009)) reconstructions for the ENLIL model. We follow these GCS parameters in this work.…”

Section: Model Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the 2020 November 29 solar energetic particle event using EUHFORIA and iPATH models

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Wijsen

et al. 2022

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Aims. We present the implementation of a coupling between EUropean Heliospheric FORcasting Information Asset (EUHFORIA) and improved Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere (iPATH) models. In this work, we simulate the widespread solar energetic particle (SEP) event of 2020 November 29 and compare the simulated time-intensity profiles with measurements at Parker Solar Probe (PSP), the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO)-A, SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and Solar Orbiter (SolO). We focus on the influence of the history of shock acceleration on the varying SEP time-intensity profiles and investigate the underlying causes in the origin of this widespread SEP event.Methods. We simulated a magnetized coronal mass ejection (CME) propagating in the data-driven solar wind with the EUHFORIA code. The CME was initiated by using the linear force-free spheromak module of EUHFORIA. The shock parameters and a 3D shell structure were computed from EUHFORIA as inputs for the iPATH model. Within the iPATH model, the steady-state solution of particle distribution assuming diffuse shock acceleration is obtained at the shock front. The subsequent SEP transport is described by the focused transport equation using the backward stochastic differential equation method with perpendicular diffusion included. Results. We examined the temporal evolution of shock parameters and particle fluxes during this event and we find that adopting a realistic solar wind background can significantly impact the expansion of the shock and, consequently, the shock parameters. Timeintensity profiles with an energetic storm particle event at PSP are well reproduced from the simulations. In addition, the simulated and observed time-intensity profiles of protons show a similar two-phase enhancement at STA. These results illustrate that modeling a shock using a realistic solar wind is crucial in determining the characteristics of SEP events. The decay phase of the modeled time-intensity profiles at Earth is in good agreement with the observations, indicating the importance of perpendicular diffusion in widespread SEP events. Taking into account the possible large curved magnetic field line connecting to SolO, the modeled timeintensity profiles show a good agreement with the observation. We suggest that the broadly distorted magnetic field lines, which are due to a stream interaction region, may be a key factor in helping to improve our understanding of the observed SEPs at SolO for this event.

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“…To model the heliospheric context and solar wind transients during the time interval between Flare1 and Flare2, we selected all the CMEs (excluding minor outflows and "jet-like" eruptions, according to the definition of Vourlidas et al, 2013Vourlidas et al, , 2017 observed between 29 November and 7 December 2020 via inspection of SOHO/ LASCO and STEREO/SECCHI data. In addition, Flare1 was preceded by a similarly directed eruption that originated late on 26 November 2020 (e.g., Lario et al, 2021;Nieves-Chinchilla et al, 2022). We also include this event in our investigation, since it likely led to preconditioning of the heliosphere, which may have affected the propagation speed of the CME associated with Flare1 and the transport of associated SEPs.…”

Section: Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both commenced from the same source region, AR 12790, which was still behind the Earth‐facing eastern limb at the time of Flare1, indicating that its “true” X‐ray class might have been even higher than observed. The first of these eruptions has already gained significant attention, since it was associated with the first widespread SEP event of Solar Cycle 25 and with a CME detected in situ by the PSP and STEREO‐A spacecraft (e.g., Cohen et al., 2021; Giacalone et al., 2021; Kollhoff et al., 2021; Kouloumvakos et al., 2022; Lario et al., 2021; Mason et al., 2021; Mitchell et al., 2021; Möstl et al., 2022; Nieves‐Chinchilla et al., 2022). The configurations of planets and spacecraft within the orbit of Mars on the days of the two flares are shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CMEs and SEPs During November–December 2020: A Challenge for Real‐Time Space Weather Forecasting

et al. 2022

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Predictions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are a central issue in space weather forecasting. In recent years, interest in space weather predictions has expanded to include impacts at other planets beyond Earth as well as spacecraft scattered throughout the heliosphere. In this sense, the scope of space weather science now encompasses the whole heliospheric system, and multipoint measurements of solar transients can provide useful insights and validations for prediction models. In this work, we aim to analyze the whole inner heliospheric context between two eruptive flares that took place in late 2020, that is, the M4.4 flare of 29 November and the C7.4 flare of 7 December. This period is especially interesting because the STEREO-A spacecraft was located ∼60° east of the Sun-Earth line, giving us the opportunity to test the capabilities of "predictions at 360°" using remote-sensing observations from the Lagrange L1 and L5 points as input. We simulate the CMEs that were ejected during our period of interest and the SEPs accelerated by their shocks using the WSA-Enlil-SEPMOD modeling chain and four sets of input parameters, forming a "mini-ensemble." We validate our results using in situ observations at six locations, including Earth and Mars. We find that, despite some limitations arising from the models' architecture and assumptions, CMEs and shockaccelerated SEPs can be reasonably studied and forecast in real time at least out to several tens of degrees away from the eruption site using the prediction tools employed here.Plain Language Summary Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are phenomena from the Sun that are able to cause significant disturbances at Earth and other planets. Reliable predictions of these events and their effects are among the major goals of space weather forecasts, which aim to tackle all processes related to solar activity that can endanger human technology and society. In recent years, the breadth of space weather science has started to encompass other locations than Earth, ranging from all solar system planets to spacecraft scattered throughout space. In this work, we test our current capabilities in predicting space weather events in the inner solar system (i.e., within the orbit of Mars) for a period in late 2020. We use a chain of models that are able to simulate the background solar wind as well as transient phenomena such as CMEs and SEPs, and compare our results with spacecraft measurements from six well-separated locations, including Earth and Mars. We find that our current forecasting tools, despite their limitations, can successfully provide reasonable predictions of both CMEs and SEPs, especially out to several tens of degrees around the corresponding eruption source region on the Sun.

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Direct First Parker Solar Probe Observation of the Interaction of Two Successive Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections in 2020 November

Cited by 18 publications

References 121 publications

Parker Solar Probe: Four Years of Discoveries at Solar Cycle Minimum

Parker Solar Probe: Four Years of Discoveries at Solar Cycle Minimum

Modeling the 2020 November 29 solar energetic particle event using EUHFORIA and iPATH models

CMEs and SEPs During November–December 2020: A Challenge for Real‐Time Space Weather Forecasting

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