Direct fertigation with brackish water by a forward osmosis system converting domestic reverse osmosis module into forward osmosis membrane element

Brackish water desalination for agriculture: Assessing the performance of inorganic fertilizer draw solutions

“…whereas the RSF decreased from 27.0 to 12.5 g/m 2 .h for KNO3 DS. This indicated that the membrane reduced the salt flux from the DS stream to the FS stream due to Donnan exclusion effects [8]. The transport of sodium ion within the membrane offsets by the transport of potassium ion from the DS to the FS.…”

“…To date, little academic research has been conducted on BW desalination [7,8] and there has been no pilot-scale assessment conducted by industry due to high operating costs.…”

Evaluation of fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis for sustainable agriculture and water reuse in arid regions

“…To date, all FDFO studies have either used brackish water (Phuntsho, Hong et al, 2013;Phuntsho, Lotfi et al, 2014;Raval and Koradiya, 2016), treated coalmine water with a TDS of about 2.5 g/L (Phuntsho, Kim et al, 2016) or seawater (Phuntsho, Shon et al, 2011;Phuntsho, Shon et al, 2012a;Phuntsho, Shon et al, 2012b;Phuntsho, Sahebi et al, 2013) as the FS. However, the relatively low salinity of most impaired waters makes them potentially suitable candidate for such dilution (Lew, Hu et al, 2005).…”

An integrated fertilizer driven forward osmosis- renewables powered membrane distillation system for brackish water desalination: A combined experimental and theoretical approach

“…One of the limitations of thermal-based desalination system is high energy consumption exhibiting 10-16 kWh/m 3 for MSF and 5-9 kWh/m 3 for MED [14]. In case of RO system, electricity is predominant thereby the specific energy consumption (SEC) is lowered to 0.5-2.5 kWh/m 3 for brackish water reverse osmosis (BW RO) and 3-4 kWh/m 3 for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) [15]. Even though RO consumes lower energy, it is still cost and power-intensive process due to applying higher hydraulic than the osmotic pressure of the salty feed solution [1].…”