Direct evidence of H7N7 avian influenza virus mutation from low to high virulence on a single poultry premises during an outbreak in free range chickens in the UK, 2008

Seekings, Amanda H.; Slomka, Marek J.; Russell, Christine; Howard, Wendy A.; Choudhury, Bhudipa; Núñez, Alejandro; Löndt, Brandon Z.; Cox, William J.; Ceeraz, Vanessa; Thorén, Peter; Irvine, Richard M.; Manvell, R. J.; Banks, Jill; Brown, Ian H.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.005

Cited by 37 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…HPAIV outbreaks appear to originate from previous H5/H7 LPAIV incursions from wild birds to poultry, followed by mutation in galliformes (chickens or turkeys) to yield the corresponding HPAIV variant. Earlier LPAIV precursors to HPAIV outbreaks have been documented: Ontario Canada (H5N9) 1966 [14], Australia (H7N7) 1976 [15], Pennsylvania USA (H5N2) 1983 [16], Mexico (H5N2) 1994-1995 [17][18][19], Pakistan (H7N3) 1994-1995 [20], Italy (H7N1) 1999-2000 [21], Chile (H7N3) 2002 [22], Netherlands (H7N7) 2003 [23], Canada (H7N3) 2004 [24] and 2007 [25], England (H7N7) 2008 [26] and 2015 [27], Spain (H7N7) 2009 [28], Italy (H7N7) 2013 [29], Germany (H7N7) 2015 [30], Indiana USA (H7N8) 2016 [31], Italy (H7N7) 2016 [32] and Tennessee USA (H7N9) 2017 [33]. H7N9 LPAIV has circulated in China since March 2013 and continues to evolve [34], with eventual mutation to a corresponding HPAIV reported by February 2017 [35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Emergence of H7N7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Using an in ovo Embryo Culture Model

Seekings

Howard

Núñez

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) often result in the infection of millions of poultry, causing up to 100% mortality. HPAIV has been shown to emerge from low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in field outbreaks. Direct evidence for the emergence of H7N7 HPAIV from a LPAIV precursor with a rare di-basic cleavage site (DBCS) was identified in the UK in 2008. The DBCS contained an additional basic amino acid compared to commonly circulating LPAIVs that harbor a single-basic amino acid at the cleavage site (SBCS). Using reverse genetics, outbreak HPAIVs were rescued with a DBCS (H7N7DB), as seen in the LPAIV precursor or an SBCS representative of common H7 LPAIVs (H7N7SB). Passage of H7N7DB in chicken embryo tissues showed spontaneous evolution to a HPAIV. In contrast, deep sequencing of extracts from embryo tissues in which H7N7SB was serially passaged showed retention of the LPAIV genotype. Thus, in chicken embryos, an H7N7 virus containing a DBCS appears naturally unstable, enabling rapid evolution to HPAIV. Evaluation in embryo tissue presents a useful approach to study AIV evolution and allows a laboratory-based dissection of molecular mechanisms behind the emergence of HPAIV.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H7N7 HPAIV caused an outbreak in 2008 in a layer farm in the UK [26], with three distinct HPAIV CS motifs (PEIPKRKKR/GLF, PEIPKKKKR/GLF and PEIPKKKKKKR/GLF) identified. Clinical, epidemiological and virological investigations provided evidence for an initial LPAIV incursion and circulation on the premises followed by mutation to HPAIV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence of H7N7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Using an in ovo Embryo Culture Model

Seekings

Howard

Núñez

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…Mutational events from LPAI to HPAI A(H7) Seekings et al (2018) provided evidence of A(H7N7) LPAI virus mutation to HPAI virus at a single poultry premise during an outbreak that occurred in June 2008 in free range laying hens in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Observation of increased mortality prompted a veterinary investigation for a notifiable disease.…”

Section: Information Extracted From the Scientific Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview May – August 2018

Adlhoch¹,

Kuiken²,

Mulatti³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Between 16 May and 15 August 2018, three highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments and three HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks in wild birds were reported in Europe. Three low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) outbreaks were reported in three Member States. Few HPAI and LPAI bird cases have been detected in this period of the year, in accordance with the seasonal expected pattern of LPAI and HPAI. There is no evidence to date that HPAI A(H5N8) and A(H5N6) viruses circulating in Europe have caused any human infections. The risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low. Several HPAI outbreaks in poultry were reported during this period from Russia. The presence of the A(H5N2) and A(H5N8) viruses in parts of Russia connected with fall migration routes of wild birds is of concern for possible introduction and spread with wild birds migrating to the EU. Although few AI outbreaks were observed in Africa, Asia and the Middle East during the reporting period, the probability of AI virus introductions from non‐EU countries via wild birds particularly via the north‐eastern route from Russia is increasing, as the fall migration of wild birds will start in the coming weeks. Further, the lower temperatures in autumn and winter may facilitate the environmental survival of avian influenza viruses potentially introduced to Europe.

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“…Blind trials in a consortium of five European AI reference laboratories [17] led to international acceptance of this generic AIV detection protocol by the European Union and the OIE [18][19][20]. This assay has proven itself as a sensitive test in the initial diagnosis of suspect AIV outbreaks, prompting subsequent investigations of notifiable AIV by means of type-specific H5 and H7 RT-qPCRs [21,22]. However, continuing genetic drift within the AIV MP-segment of newly-emerging clades of the GsGd lineage epizootic H5Nx…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A universal RT-qPCR assay for “One Health” detection of influenza A viruses

Nagy

Černíková

Kunteová

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AbstractThe mutual dependence of human and animal health is central to the One Health initiative as an integrated strategy for infectious disease control and management. A crucial element of the One Health includes preparation and response to influenza A virus (IAV) threats at the human-animal interface. The IAVs are characterized by extensive genetic variability, they circulate among different hosts and establish host-specific lineages. The four main host reservoirs are: avian, swine, human and equine, with occasional transmission to other mammalian species. The host diversity is mirrored in the range of the RT-qPCR assays for IAV detection. Different assays are recommended by the responsible health authorities for generic IAV detection in birds, swine or humans. In order to unify IAV monitoring in different hosts and apply the One Health approach, we developed a single RT-qPCR assay for universal detection of all IAVs of all subtypes, species origin and global distribution. The assay design was centred on a highly conserved region of the IAV MP-segment identified by a comprehensive analysis of 99,353 sequences. The reaction parameters were effectively optimised with efficiency of 93-97% and LOD95% of approximately ten IAV templates per reaction. The assay showed high repeatability, reproducibility and robustness. The extensive in silico evaluation demonstrated high inclusivity, i.e. perfect sequence match in the primers and probe binding regions, established as 94.6% for swine, 98.2% for avian and 100% for human H3N2, pandemic H1N1, as well as other IAV strains, resulting in an overall predicted detection rate of 99% on the analysed dataset. The theoretical predictions were confirmed and extensively validated by collaboration between six veterinary or human diagnostic laboratories on a total of 1970 specimens, of which 1455 were clinical and included a diverse panel of IAV strains.

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Direct evidence of H7N7 avian influenza virus mutation from low to high virulence on a single poultry premises during an outbreak in free range chickens in the UK, 2008

Cited by 37 publications

References 44 publications

The Emergence of H7N7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Using an in ovo Embryo Culture Model

The Emergence of H7N7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Using an in ovo Embryo Culture Model

Avian influenza overview May – August 2018

A universal RT-qPCR assay for “One Health” detection of influenza A viruses

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