Direct Evidence for Nuclear Synthesis of Cytoplasmic Ribose Nucleic Acid

Goldstein, Lester; Plaut, W.

doi:10.1073/pnas.41.11.874

Cited by 144 publications

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“…There is increasing cytological evidence that a substantial portion of cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid (RNA) is synthesized in the nucleus (1)(2)(3)(4). In two of these papers (3,4) as well as in earlier work (see pp.…”

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RETRACTED: On the Primary Site of Nuclear RNA Synthesis

Goldstein

Micou

1959

The Journal of Cell Biology

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There is increasing cytological evidence that a substantial portion of cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid (RNA) is synthesized in the nucleus (1-4). In two of these papers (3, 4) as well as in earlier work (see pp. 133-135, reference 5) the evidence suggested that the nucleolus was the site (within the nucleus) where RNA synthesis was almost completely localized.Since there are very few nucleoli per nucleus, in most cell types, the observation that the incorporation of RNA precursors into nucleolar RNA is more rapid and occurs much earlier than in other areas casts some doubt on the hypothesis that RNA is a carrier of information from gene to cytoplasm. That is to say, it is difficult to visualize how information from many chromosomal loci could be imparted to RNA synthesized at only a few loci represented by the nucleoli. The hypothesis might still prove valid, however, if one were to assume that RNA was synthesized at many chromosomal loci and was very rapidly transported to the nucleoli where some other activity took place, at a much slower rate. (This other activity might be the conjugation of RNA with protein). Such a hypothesis has been suggested by Woods and Taylor (3).If the latter assumption is valid, then one might find that following a very brief exposure to a radioactive RNA precursor, only non-nudeolar nuclear (or chromosomal) RNA would be labelled. The experiments herein described were concerned with testing this hypothesis. ExperimentalThe methods and materials employed were essentially identical with those described in a more extensive paper (4). Briefly, the procedure was as follows. Human amnion cells of an established cell line (6) were exposed to a normal growth medium containing 30 #c./ml. of tritiated cytidine, (specific activity 360 mc./mi) for * Supported by funds from the University of California Cancer Research Funds and the Brinton Fund for Cancer Research, administered by Dr. David A. Wood.;~ Address after July 1, 1959: Division of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. § Received for publication, May 5, 1959. periods of 2, 5, and 10 minutes before fixation. Some cells were treated with ribonuclease (0.4 rag. Worthington crystalline RNase/ml. at pH 6.7, incubated at 37°C. for 21/~ hours) and other cells were left untreated. The cells were then covered with autoradiographlc stripping film in the dark, stored for 30 days, and developed in the usual manner. The specimens were then examined by phase contrast and brightfield microscopy. RESULTSExamination of the specimens revealed very slight labelling of the cells after the 2 minute exposure to tritiated cytidine. The 5 minute sample showed significant nuclear, but no cytoplasmic labelling. Contrary to earlier observations, however, there was no very marked labelling over the nucleoli (Fig. 1). On the other hand, at 10 minutes there was already a marked degree of labelling over the nucleoli (Fig. 2). In order to obtain a quantitative measure of the extent of the activity over the nucleoli as contrasted to the rest of the nucleus...

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RETRACTED: On the Primary Site of Nuclear RNA Synthesis

Goldstein

Micou

1959

The Journal of Cell Biology

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“…-1 -Le passage irréversible, chez les amibes, du noyau vers le cytoplasme, de l'ARN nucléaire ou d'un précurseur hautement polymérisé de celui-ci (Goldstein et Plaut, 1955). …”

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Observations sur le rôle biochimique du nucléole

Baltus

1954

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta

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Thèse de doctorat/ PhD ThesisCitation APA: Baltus, E. (1956). Observations sur le rôle biochimique du nucléole (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Université libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des sciences, Bruxelles.Disponible à / Available at permalink : https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/215737/3/9f066fca-b5f1-438f-a977-0eb3395f8955.txt (English version below)Cette thèse de doctorat a été numérisée par l'Université libre de Bruxelles. L'auteur qui s'opposerait à sa mise en ligne dans DI-fusion est invité à prendre contact avec l'Université (di-fusion@ulb.ac.be).Dans le cas où une version électronique native de la thèse existe, l'Université ne peut garantir que la présente version numérisée soit identique à la version électronique native, ni qu'elle soit la version officielle définitive de la thèse.DI-fusion, le Dépôt Institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles, recueille la production scientifique de l'Université, mise à disposition en libre accès autant que possible. Les oeuvres accessibles dans DI-fusion sont protégées par la législation belge relative aux droits d'auteur et aux droits voisins. Toute personne peut, sans avoir à demander l'autorisation de l'auteur ou de l'ayant-droit, à des fins d'usage privé ou à des fins d'illustration de l'enseignement ou de recherche scientifique, dans la mesure justifiée par le but non lucratif poursuivi, lire, télécharger ou reproduire sur papier ou sur tout autre support, les articles ou des fragments d'autres oeuvres, disponibles dans DI-fusion, pour autant que :Le nom des auteurs, le titre et la référence bibliographique complète soient cités; L'identifiant unique attribué aux métadonnées dans DI-fusion (permalink) soit indiqué;Le contenu ne soit pas modifié.

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“…If DNA-primed RNA synthesis is inhibited by actinomycin D, no labelled RNA can be detected in the cytoplasm of either stimulated or unstimulated neurones at times when it would normally be present (unpublished observations). Although all labelled RNA found in the cytoplasm therefore probably originates in the nucleus as in other cell types (Goldstein & Plaut, 1955;Woods & Taylor, 1959;Fitzgerald & Vinijchaikul, 1959;Zalokar, 1959;Goldstein, Micou & Crocker, 1960), all nuclear RNA does not necessarily pass to the cytoplasm (Harris, 1963).…”

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An autoradiographic study of the incorporation of nucleic‐acid precursors by neurones and glia during nerve stimulation.

Watson¹

1965

The Journal of Physiology

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In the previous paper (Watson, 1965) the incorporation of tritiated (3H-) nucleosides into ribonucleic acid (RNA) by regenerating neurones was followed autoradiographically. This paper describes the use of this method to follow the altered rate of transfer of labelled RNA from the nuclei of neurones into their cytoplasm both under normal conditions and during imposed nerve stimulation. Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by neuroglia under these circumstances was also sought. METHODSAnimals. Observations were made upon normal albino rats and mice aged 3 months when killed: they received standard food pellets.Methods of stimulation. Supraoptic neurones of mice were stimulated by substituting aqueous solutions of sodium chloride for drinking water for periods of 1-60 days: the concentration of sodium chloride was within range of 0-4-3-6 g/100 ml. Vestibular neurones of mice were stimulated by placing each mouse within a closely fitting padded cage: each cage was attached to a spoke of a wheel which rotated in an alternating manner, 3600 clockwise, then 360°a nticlockwise about a vertical axis. Six such cycles of alternating rotation were completed each minute and the maximum acceleration imposed was 4 radians/sec2. The cages were inclined at 300 to the horizontal plane, tipped in the axis of the spoke of the wheel so that stimulation was not confined to the horizontal semicircular canals. The head of each mouse faced centrally towards the vertical axis of rotation and was between 8 and 10 cm from it. Each mouse received one or more periods of such stimulation daily, each lasting 30 min.Vestibular neurones were also stimulated by training mice to walk along a horizontal 'tight rope' of string 3 mm thick and 1 m long, for a reward of brow-n bread and cheese. Each mouse made about twenty such excursions daily.Anterior horn cells and dersal ganglia of the cervical spinal cord were stimulated by exercising rats on a treadmill. They walked at a speed of 7m/min for periods of 2 hr. Each rat received two such periods of exercise daily.Isotope administration. Tritiateduridine (1-22 c/m-mole) wasused as a precursor ofRNA, and tritiated thymidine (3-3 c/m-mole) allowed the synthesis of DNA by neuroglia to be followed. Isotopes were obtained from the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham. [3H]uridine was diluted to a final activity of 1 c/ml., and [3H]thymidine to 0-25 c/ml. Twenty microlitres of one of these solutions was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of each mouse (Haley &

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Direct Evidence for Nuclear Synthesis of Cytoplasmic Ribose Nucleic Acid

Cited by 144 publications

References 5 publications

RETRACTED: On the Primary Site of Nuclear RNA Synthesis

RETRACTED: On the Primary Site of Nuclear RNA Synthesis

Observations sur le rôle biochimique du nucléole

An autoradiographic study of the incorporation of nucleic‐acid precursors by neurones and glia during nerve stimulation.

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