Direct effect of transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) on human apical papilla cell proliferation and mineralisation

Abstract

Firstly, this study investigated the direct effect of Transforming Growth Factorbeta 1 at 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 ng mL À1 on human apical papilla cell proliferation and mineralisation. Cell proliferation was examined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h using Alamar Blue TM assay. Cell mineralisation was examined at day 21 with a quantitative Alizarin Red S staining. Secondly, the study aimed to estimate the amount of Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-b1) released from the dentin after root canal irrigation. The solution collected from a root canal after rinsing with various protocols (normal saline solution, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or chlorhexidine) was analysed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were statistically analysed using a one-way analysis of variance. The results, from the first part, revealed cell proliferation reduction in all experimental groups presented with TGF-b1. The higher concentration generated more deteriorating effects. Cell mineralisation was highest in a group with TGF-b1 at 1.25 ng mL À1 (P < 0.05). For the growth factor released from dentin, the highest amount was detected only when ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was associated with the irrigation (P < 0.05). In summary, the direct effects of TGF-b1 on cell proliferation and differentiation were diverse, depending on concentration. The release of TGF-b1 from root dentin can be achieved after rinsing with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Impact of using XP-endo finisher and nanobubble water during EDTA dentin conditioning on TGF-β1 release in regenerative endodontic procedures

“…TGF-β1 was quantified using ELISA following the canal irrigation procedure. This approach aligns with prior research, as measuring growth factors post-irrigation mirrors the clinical scenario where bleeding is induced at the apex after irrigation and drying [ 6 , 14 , 45 ]. This differs from the study by Galler et al, where growth factor release was measured during irrigation [ 10 ].…”

Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla (SCAPs): Past, Present, Prospects, and Challenges

“…SCAPs express the TGF-β receptor 1 [10], suggesting they can receive regulation from TGF-β ligands. Secreted TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 are embedded in the dentin during tooth development, and they can release from the dentin during endodontic procedures, such as root canal therapy [41][42][43]. Studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 can inhibit the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of SCAPs in dose-dependent and Smad3-dependent manners [41,44].…”

“…Secreted TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 are embedded in the dentin during tooth development, and they can release from the dentin during endodontic procedures, such as root canal therapy [41][42][43]. Studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 can inhibit the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of SCAPs in dose-dependent and Smad3-dependent manners [41,44]. Interestingly, TGF-β1 inhibits the odontogenic differentiation of SCAPs while enhancing their osteogenic differentiation.…”

“…proliferation (-), odontogenic differentiation (-), osteogenic differentiation (+), mineralization (-) [41,[44][45][46] TGF-β2 osteogenic differentiation (-), odontogenic differentiation (+) [45,46] BMP2 odontogenic differentiation (+) [47,48] BMP6 osteo/dentinogenic differentiation (+), neurogenic differentiation (+), angiogenic differentiation (+), proliferation (+) [49] Table 1. Cont.…”

The mechanism of biomineralization: Progress in mineralization from intracellular generation to extracellular deposition

“…Pertaining to bone formation, they trigger signaling for BMPs production in osteoprogenitor cells, promote osteogenic differentiation, angiogenesis, prevent osteoclast activation, and promote osteoclast apoptosis [105] , [106] . In dentin forming aspect, TGF-β1 can promote apical papilla cell proliferation and mineralization [107] . TGF-β2 can regulates tooth root dentinogenesis by cooperation with Wnt signaling [108] .…”