Direct Distance, Route Distance, and Implied Temporal Distance:Effects on the Accessibility of Situation Model Components

Dutke, Stephan; Ribback, Sabine; Wagner, Birgit

doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0704_3

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The present study showed some evidence of facilitated processing for information in the location room, but the patterns for the other conditions did not show the standard pattern. Importantly, we saw no clear spatial gradient effect, as is typically observed in narrative memory (Bower & Rinck, 2001;Curiel & Radvansky, 2002;Dutke, 2003;Dutke et al, 2003;Dutke & Rinck, 2006;Morrow et al, 1989Morrow et al, , 1987Rapp et al, 2006;Rinck & Bower, 1995;Rinck, Bower, & Wolf, 1998;Rinck et al, 1997). This is inconsistent with the more traditional fadingforeground account.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 91%

“…During reading, knowledge of objects in the building is probed for, either through explicit memory probes for pairs of objects (e.g., Morrow, Bower, & Greenspan, 1989;Morrow, Greenspan, & Bower, 1987;Rapp, Klug, & Taylor, 2006;Stine-Morrow, Morrow, & Leno, 2002) or by assessing reading times of critical sentences that refer to single objects in the building (e.g., Curiel & Radvansky, 2002;Dutke, 2003;Dutke, Ribback, & Wagner, 2003;Rinck & Bower, 1995. As the story protagonist moves through the known space, objects in the location room (i.e., the protagonist's current location) are the most easily accessible.…”

Section: Spatial Gradient Of Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Event memory and moving in a well-known environment

et al. 2013

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Research in narrative comprehension has repeatedly shown that when people read about characters moving in well-known environments, the accessibility of object information follows a spatial gradient. That is, the accessibility of objects is best when they are in the same room as the protagonist, and it becomes worse the farther away they are see, e.g., Morrow, Greenspan, & Bower, (Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 165-187, 1987). In the present study, we assessed this finding using an interactive environment in which we had people memorize a map and navigate a virtual simulation of the area. During navigation, people were probed with pairs of object names and indicated whether both objects were in the same room. In contrast to the narrative studies described above, several experiments showed no evidence of a clear spatial gradient. Instead, memory for objects in currently occupied locations (e.g., the location room) was more accessible, especially after a small delay, but no clear decline was evident in the accessibility of information in memory with increased distance. Also, memory for objects along the pathway of movement (i.e., rooms that a person only passed through) showed a transitory suppression effect that was present immediately after movement, but attenuated over time. These results were interpreted in light of the event horizon model of event cognition.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 91%

Section: Spatial Gradient Of Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Event memory and moving in a well-known environment

et al. 2013

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“…Distant source rooms were located at the opposite end of the building to the goal room (e.g., source = cafeteria, goal = lecture room), meaning that distant source rooms were separated from the goal room by two or more rooms (or the central hall). Thus, the present concept of spatial distance was based on distance between the protagonist’s and the referent’s position, as represented by a bird’s–eye view of the building rather than route distance (Dutke, Ribback, & Wagner, in press);…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaphor Resolution as a Function of Spatial Distance and Priming: Exploring the Spatial Distance Effect in Situation Models

Dutke

2003

Experimental Psychology

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Anaphor resolution has been found to depend on the spatial distance between the reader's focus of attention and the location of the anaphor referent in a spatially organized situation model (spatial distance effect; Rinck & Bower, 1995). This effect implies that a) the situation model is spatially organized and b) spatial distance has a stronger effect on the resolution of anaphoric reference than the text priming the anaphor referent. In three experiments, adult participants read 12 short narratives about protagonists moving around a building. Mentionning the location of the anaphor referent in text prior to the anaphoric sentence facilitated anaphor resolution. Decreased spatial distance consistently facilitated anaphor resolution, even when priming the anaphor referent affected anaphor resolution more strongly than spatial distance. Results are discussed with regard to the interpretation and reliability of the spatial distance effect and the interaction of different representational levels in the context of multi-level theories of text comprehension.

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“…According to the situation model theory, when a reader reads a narrative, he/she constructs a mental world with his/her linguistic, pragmatic, and world knowledge (e.g., Kintsch and van Dijk, 1978 ; Magliano and Schleich, 2000 ). The theory has been tested in different domains, including temporal (e.g., Rinck et al, 2001 ; Therriault and Raney, 2007 ), spatial (e.g., Zwaan and van Oostendorp, 1993 ; Hakala, 1999 ; Blanc and Tapiero, 2001 ; Dutke et al, 2003 ), causal (e.g., Trabasso and van den Broek, 1985 ; Fletcher and Bloom, 1988 ; Singer et al, 1992 ; Suh and Trabasso, 1993 ; Blanc et al, 2008 ), person- and object-related information (e.g., Wilson et al, 1993 ; de Vega, 1995 ; Radvansky et al, 1997 ).…”

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between verb meaning and argument realization: What we learn from the processing of agent-implying intransitive verbs in Japanese

Luk

2022

Front. Psychol.

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This study investigated whether some Japanese intransitive verbs, called agent-implying intransitive verbs, are processed differently from other ordinary intransitive verbs. These verbs are special in that they denote agentive events, but they are intransitive verbs, which only allow the patient/theme to be the only nominatively marked argument. The priming experiment was designed based on the situation model theory, assuming that verbs with an agentive semantic structure (e.g., ordinary transitive verbs) has a shorter causal inferential distance than those with a non-agentive semantic structure (e.g., ordinary intransitive verb). In the experiment, participants were instructed to read two sentences that formed a story, of which the second sentence was either a transitive or intransitive sentence. The participants then answered a related question about general knowledge, and their response times were measured. The results show that, whereas the mean response time in the ordinary intransitive condition was significantly longer than that in the ordinary transitive condition, the mean response time in the agent-implying intransitive condition was not significantly different from that of the corresponding transitive condition, suggesting that agent-implying intransitive verbs are interpreted as agentive. The findings suggest that agent-implying intransitive verbs instantly evoke agentivity, whereas ordinary intransitive verbs do not. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

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Direct Distance, Route Distance, and Implied Temporal Distance:Effects on the Accessibility of Situation Model Components

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Event memory and moving in a well-known environment

Event memory and moving in a well-known environment

Anaphor Resolution as a Function of Spatial Distance and Priming: Exploring the Spatial Distance Effect in Situation Models

The relationship between verb meaning and argument realization: What we learn from the processing of agent-implying intransitive verbs in Japanese

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