Direct Digital Electron Detectors

Clough, R.; Kirkland, Angus I.

doi:10.1016/bs.aiep.2016.09.001

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…For scintillator-based detectors such as CCD and CMOS devices, the main contributions of noise are the discrete nature of charge carriers (statistical/shot noise), the thermal generation of electronhole pairs (thermal noise) and the detector readout process (readout noise). However, the contributions of thermal and readout noise are significantly reduced by using modern direct electron detectors [47]. For example, the combination of faster acquisition speeds (10 3 frames per second) and the omission of coupling optics significantly reduces the readout noise [48,49,50].…”

Section: Effects Of Pctfs Target Pctfs and Noise Normalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast transfer and noise considerations in focused-probe electron ptychography

et al. 2021

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Section: Effects Of Pctfs Target Pctfs and Noise Normalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast transfer and noise considerations in focused-probe electron ptychography

et al. 2021

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“…In single-particle analysis (SPA) the energy deposited by inelastically scattered electrons manifests as sample damage and ice drift, where global and site-specific sample damage is detectable even at exposures as low as 0.1 e 25 . Here electron dose Å / 2 fractionation improves resolution in two ways: (1) by reducing coincidence loss and thereby improving detection efficiency 26 and (2) by correcting for the sample drift between fractionated frames. Increasing detector frame rates can reduce the average displacement of each particle captured in each dose-fractionated frame, but doing so further inflates the already large amounts of movie-mode data collected (see Figure 6b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A data reduction and compression description for high throughput time-resolved electron microscopy

Datta

Balakrishnan

et al. 2021

Nat Commun

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Fast, direct electron detectors have significantly improved the spatio-temporal resolution of electron microscopy movies. Preserving both spatial and temporal resolution in extended observations, however, requires storing prohibitively large amounts of data. Here, we describe an efficient and flexible data reduction and compression scheme (ReCoDe) that retains both spatial and temporal resolution by preserving individual electron events. Running ReCoDe on a workstation we demonstrate on-the-fly reduction and compression of raw data streaming off a detector at 3 GB/s, for hours of uninterrupted data collection. The output was 100-fold smaller than the raw data and saved directly onto network-attached storage drives over a 10 GbE connection. We discuss calibration techniques that support electron detection and counting (e.g., estimate electron backscattering rates, false positive rates, and data compressibility), and novel data analysis methods enabled by ReCoDe (e.g., recalibration of data post acquisition, and accurate estimation of coincidence loss).

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“…The noise power spectrum (NPS) describes the spatial frequency dependency of noise and is explained by the Wiener spectrum [23]. The noise characteristics in an image are quantified using the NNPS, which represents the average area (in mm 2 ) occupied by individual photons per unit area.…”

Section: Nnpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise Reduction for a Virtual Grid Using a Generative Adversarial Network in Breast X-ray Images

Lim,

Nam,

Shin

et al. 2023

J. Imaging

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In this study, we aimed to address the issue of noise amplification after scatter correction when using a virtual grid in breast X-ray images. To achieve this, we suggested an algorithm for estimating noise level and developed a noise reduction algorithm based on generative adversarial networks (GANs). Synthetic scatter in breast X-ray images were collected using Sizgraphy equipment and scatter correction was performed using dedicated software. After scatter correction, we determined the level of noise using noise-level function plots and trained a GAN using 42 noise combinations. Subsequently, we obtained the resulting images and quantitatively evaluated their quality by measuring the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), coefficient of variance (COV), and normalized noise–power spectrum (NNPS). The evaluation revealed an improvement in the CNR by approximately 2.80%, an enhancement in the COV by 12.50%, and an overall improvement in the NNPS across all frequency ranges. In conclusion, the application of our GAN-based noise reduction algorithm effectively reduced noise and demonstrated the acquisition of improved-quality breast X-ray images.

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Direct Digital Electron Detectors

Cited by 12 publications

References 62 publications

Contrast transfer and noise considerations in focused-probe electron ptychography

Contrast transfer and noise considerations in focused-probe electron ptychography

A data reduction and compression description for high throughput time-resolved electron microscopy

Noise Reduction for a Virtual Grid Using a Generative Adversarial Network in Breast X-ray Images

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