Direct determination of lead in plastic toys by solid sampling high resolution-continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract

Lead concentrations in various plastic toys were determined directly by solid sampling high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in the analysis of metals, chemicals and functional materials

“…In this context it is a little surprising, given the practical problems involved in accurately weighing out mg levels of sample, that solid sampling GFAAS was one of the most common techniques reported in the last year for direct analysis of plastics. This approach was used for the determination of Sb in PET containers, 305 Pb in plastic toys 306 and Pb in plastic food packaging. 307 Thus de Jesus et al 305 obtained total Sb contents of between 194 and 323 mg kg À1 with a precision of typically better than 10% RSD.…”

“…In the second application, Pb in toys was determined by weighing between 0.05 and 0.7 mg of toy material directly into the atomizer. 306 The Pb was determined at 217 nm and use of a mixed Pd-Mg modier enabled char and atomization temperatures of 1000 and 2200 C to be utilised. Method validation was demonstrated by successful analysis of the CRM ERM-EC680K.…”

Contamination by hazardous elements in low-priced children’s plastic toys bought on the local markets of Karachi, Pakistan

“…Heavy metals are employed as additions in polymers, such as paint pigments, plasticizers, UV stabilizers, llers, colorants, antioxidants, processing aids, and ame retardants (Godoi, Santos Jr et al 2009, Ozbek, Ustabasi et al 2015, Ratnakumar, De Alwis et al 2017. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most widely used polymer; it is also used to make soft and hard toys and contains heavy metals.…”

Simultaneous, Selective and Highly Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc via Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes

“…These pollutants enter the environment via anthropological and industrial activities and once they enter the system, they accumulate in certain parts and hardly degrade [1,2]. Spectrometric methods like atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) usually provide reliable results in terms of heavy metal determination and therefore, are commonly utilized for that purpose [3,4]. However, these methods are costly, require expert knowledge, and do not allow for on-site measurements.…”