Direct current generation due to wave mixing in semiconductor superlattices

Abstract

We discuss an effect of dc current and dc voltage (stopping bias) generation in a semiconductor superlattice subjected by an ac electric field and its phase-shifted n-th harmonic. In the low field limit, we find a simple dependence of dc voltage on a strength, frequency, and relative phase of mixing harmonics for an arbitrary even value of n.We show that the generated dc voltage has a maximum when a frequency of ac field is of the order of a scattering constant of electrons in a superlattice. This means that for typical semiconductor superlattices at room temperature operating in the THz frequency domain the effect is really observable. Indeed, such conditions are most used in the modern experiments on THz harmonics generation in superlattices.We also made a comparison of a recent paper describing an effect of a directed current generation in a semiconductor superlattice subjected by ac field and its second harmonic (n = 2) [K. Seeger, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 82 (2000)] with our earlier findings describing the same effect [K. Alekseev et al., Europhys. Lett. 47, 595 (1999); cond-mat/9903092]. In particular, here we found that the maximum value of dc current is associated with the THz domain that also follows from Seeger's calculations. This maximum value has already been highlighted in our previous work.For the mixing of an ac field and its n-th harmonic with n ≥ 4, we found that additionally to the phase-shift controlling of the dc current, there is a frequency control. This frequency controlling of the dc current direction is absent in the case of n = 2. The found effect is that, both the dc current suppression and the dc current reversals exist for some particular values of ac field frequency. For typical semiconductor superlattices such an interesting behavior of the dc current should be observable also in the THz domain.Finally, we briefly review the history of the problem of the dc current generation at mixing of harmonics associated with arbitrary coherent electromagnetic waves in semiconductors and semiconductor microstructures.