Direct corticospinal pathways contribute to neuromuscular control of perturbed stance

Taube, Wolfgang; Schubert, Martin; Grüber, Markus; Beck, Sandra; Faist, Michael; Gollhofer, Albert

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01447.2005

Cited by 183 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…For such immediate effects, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies identified predominantly cortical plasticity such as increased motor cortex excitability and enlargement of motor cortical representation (Classen et al, 1998;Pascual-Leone et al, 1994, 1995. Analogous to hand function, gait and postural control are highly adaptable and underlie specific cortical control (Bonnard et al, 2002;Camus et al, 2004;Christensen et al, 2001;Schubert et al, 1999;Taube et al, 2006). Likewise, short-term motor skill training in the leg muscles induces increased motor cortex excitability, which is consistent with findings in the upper limb suggesting a similar underlying principle (Perez et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Task-specific changes in motor evoked potentials of lower limb muscles after different training interventions

et al. 2007

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Task-specific changes in motor evoked potentials of lower limb muscles after different training interventions

et al. 2007

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“…The fourth peak in the EMG was assumed to be a later component of the LLR and subsequently called LLR 2 . The onsets and peaks of the SLR, MLR, LLR, and LLR 2 were determined on the basis of the background EMG activity and previously reported latencies and durations of SLR, MLR, LLR, and LLR 2 (Grey et al 2001;Kawashima et al 2004;Sinkjaer et al 1999;Taube et al 2006). Stimulation was timed so that the MEPs (elicited by TMS) as well as the peaks of the soleus H-reflexes (elicited by electrical stimulation) were triggered to coincide with the peaks of SLR, MLR, LLR, or LLR 2 (see Fig.…”

Section: General Experimental Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore it is assumed that supraspinal centers not only initiate jumping and landing movements but also preprogram part of the muscular activation pattern after touch down. The question now is, whether and how corticospinal pathways contribute to this muscular activity after ground contact.In stretch reflex experiments during sitting and walking as well as in a postural regulation task, it was shown that for the lower leg muscles, corticospinal excitability was low at the time of the short (SLR)-and the medium-latency response (MLR) but highly facilitated at later reflex components (longlatency responses, LLR) (Christensen et al 2001;Taube et al 2006). If motor control during drop jump is similar, we would expect cortical contribution to be apparent at the time of the LLR but not at SLR and MLR.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Modulation of Spinal and Corticospinal Excitability During Drop Jumps

Taube¹,

Leukel²,

Schubert³

et al. 2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Taube W, Leukel C, Schubert M, Gruber M, Rantalainen T, Gollhofer A. Differential modulation of spinal and corticospinal excitability during drop jumps. J Neurophysiol 99: 1243-1252, 2008. First published January 16, 2008 doi:10.1152/jn.01118.2007. Previously it was shown that spinal excitability during hopping and drop jumping is high in the initial phase of ground contact when the muscle is stretched but decreases toward takeoff. To further understand motor control of stretch-shortening cycle, this study aimed to compare modulation of spinal and corticospinal excitability at distinct phases following ground contact in drop jump. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and H-reflexes were elicited at the time of the short (SLR)-, medium (MLR)-, and long (LLR, LLR 2 )-latency responses of the soleus muscle (SOL) after jumps from 31 cm height. MEPs and H-reflexes were expressed relative to the background electromyographic (EMG) activity. H-reflexes were highly facilitated at SLR (172%) and then progressively decreased (MLR ϭ 133%; LLR ϭ 123%; LLR 2 ϭ 110%). TMS showed no effect at SLR, MLR, and LLR, whereas MEPs were significantly facilitated at the LLR 2 (122%; P ϭ 0.003). Background EMG was highest at LLR and lowest at LLR 2 . Strong H-reflex facilitation at the beginning of the stance phase indicated significant contribution of ⌱a-afferent input to the ␣-motoneurons during this phase that then progressively declined toward takeoff. Conversely, corticospinal excitability was exclusively increased at the phase of push off (LLR 2 , ϳ120 ms). It is argued that corticomotoneurons increased their excitability at LLR 2 . At LLR (ϳ90 ms), ⌱a-afferent transmission as well as corticospinal excitability was low, whereas background EMG was high. Therefore it is speculated that other sources, presumably subcortical in origin, contributed to the EMG activity at LLR in drop jumps. I N T R O D U C T I O NMuscular activation during the drop jump is organized in a stretch-shortening cycle. The efficiency of the stretch-shortening cycle is dependent on the immediate transfer from the preactivated and eccentrically stretched muscle-tendon complex to the concentric push-off phase. Reflex contribution induced by stretch of the antigravity muscles during touch down (eccentric phase) is thought to enhance muscular stiffness and therefore increase the performance during the concentric phase when compared with isolated concentric action (Dietz et al. 1979; Gollhofer et al. 1992;Voigt et al. 1998). In hopping and during drop jumping, it was shown that the H-reflex excitability was very low at takeoff, still low in the flight phase, but increased before touch down. During the stance phase, Hreflexes remained facilitated but decreased again before takeoff (Dyhre-Poulsen et al. 1991;Moritani et al. 1990;Voigt et al. 1998). The increase of the ⌱a-transmission toward touch down supports the assumption of anticipatory spinal stretch reflex contribution to the EMG in hopping and drop jumping. Further ...

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“…In the following, I applied these methods in order to investigate postural control and balance training and presented the work at the ECSS conference in Clermont-Ferrand, France, in 2004. At this time we demonstrated that fast, probably monosynaptic corticospinal projections are involved when regaining balance after postural disturbances (later published as paper: Taube et al 2006). This work was awarded with the Young Investigator Award so that I was invited to join the JSPFSM-ECSS exchange symposium in Tokyo, where I had the opportunity to discover Japan for the first time in my life.…”

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confidence: 81%

Research – Find your way by searching the unknown

Taube

2014

Tairyoku Kagaku

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For this talk I was asked to first describe my research and my personal academic way and to second give advice for young researchers. Reflecting on this demand I became aware that the first part is fairly easy but the second part not. One reason for this is that at the beginning of my studies I could not imagine what it would be like to be a "scientist" and what it means to do "research". Therefore I have to say that I did not "plan" my academic career but I rather did what I was interested in. Right from the beginning I wanted to better understand how the central nervous system and especially the brain controls our muscles and allows execution and acquisition of (complex) movements. However, it was only by coincidence that in 2003 I had the chance to work in the department of neurology in Freiburg, Germany, to learn the handling of neurophysiological methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, etc. In the following, I applied these methods in order to investigate postural control and balance training and presented the work at the ECSS conference in Clermont-Ferrand, France, in 2004. At this time we demonstrated that fast, probably monosynaptic corticospinal projections are involved when regaining balance after postural disturbances (later published as paper: Taube et al. 2006). This work was awarded with the Young Investigator Award so that I was invited to join the JSPFSM-ECSS exchange symposium in Tokyo, where I had the opportunity to discover Japan for the first time in my life.After I have spent 20 great days in Japan, I was more than ever determined to work as a scientist as this means not only to uncover new insights in a specific research area but also do discover new countries and cultures. In the following, I added an additional focus to my research -the aim to explore the neural control of stretch shortening cycle movements. The studies we did in this field are summarized in a recent review article .Another interest of research we follow up since some years is the influence of feedback (sensory and augmented feedback) on motor performance and motor learning. In this context, we identified basic mechanisms for instance by showing that the interpretation of feedback influences motor performance (fatigue resistance) and motor cortical contribution (Lauber et al. 2013, Lauber et al. 2012 or the ability of humans to make choice reaction tasks based on subliminal and thus unconscious cues ). However, we also addressed applied topics such as the influence of augmented feedback on the performance and training outcome of stretchshortening cycle movements (Keller et al. submitted). Furthermore, we compared the effect of augmented feedback with the effects of an external and internal focus of attention (Keller et al. in preparation). These latter studies are especially helpful when optimizing training regimes.From my personal experience I would advise young researchers to search for the bridge of basic and applied research. The detection of basic mechanisms is important and ...

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Direct corticospinal pathways contribute to neuromuscular control of perturbed stance

Cited by 183 publications

References 56 publications

Task-specific changes in motor evoked potentials of lower limb muscles after different training interventions

Task-specific changes in motor evoked potentials of lower limb muscles after different training interventions

Differential Modulation of Spinal and Corticospinal Excitability During Drop Jumps

Research – Find your way by searching the unknown

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