Direct conversion X-ray detectors with 70 pA cm<sup>−2</sup> dark currents coated from an alcohol-based perovskite ink

Li, Yunlong; Adeagbo, E.; Koughia, Cyril; Simonson, B.; Pettipas, Richard D.; Mishchenko, Anastasiia; Arnab, Salman M.; Laperrière, Luc; Belev, George; Stevens, Amy L.; Kasap, S. O.; Kelly, Timothy L.

doi:10.1039/d1tc05338h

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…have been paid to reducing the dark current very recently, including 3D/2D perovskite heterojunction, dopant compensation of perovskite single crystals, and inserting insulating polymer between perovskite and electrode [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] . Given those encouraging progresses, the dark current density of perovskite X-ray detectors is still quite large, along with the notorious current drifting issue, becoming the biggest challenge toward its real-world applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Realizing nearly-zero dark current and ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio perovskite X-ray detector and image array by dark-current-shunting strategy

Jin

Tang

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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Although perovskite X-ray detectors have revealed promising properties, their dark currents are usually hundreds of times larger than the practical requirements. Here, we report a detector architecture with a unique shunting electrode working as a blanking unit to suppress dark current, and it theoretically can be reduced to zero. We experimentally fabricate the dark-current-shunting X-ray detector, which exhibits a record-low dark current of 51.1 fA at 5 V mm−1, a detection limit of 7.84 nGyair s−1, and a sensitivity of 1.3 × 104 μC Gyair−1 cm−2. The signal-to-noise ratio of our polycrystalline perovskite-based detector is even outperforming many previously reported state-of-the-art single crystal-based X-ray detectors by serval orders of magnitude. Finally, the proof-of-concept X-ray imaging of a 64 × 64 pixels dark-current-shunting detector array is successfully demonstrated. This work provides a device strategy to fundamentally reduce dark current and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of X-ray detectors and photodetectors in general.

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confidence: 99%

Realizing nearly-zero dark current and ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio perovskite X-ray detector and image array by dark-current-shunting strategy

Jin

Tang

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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“…These values are significantly better than that of a-Se, comparable to that of highest quality TlBr and close to that of the state-of-the-art materials for high-energy radiation detection CdTe and CZT (see Table ). − However, these results suggest that further development in the base material quality and/or synthesis is needed to attain state-of-the-art performances (e.g., precursor purification, doping, and post-treatments).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MAPb(Br_1–xCl_x)₃ Hybrid Perovskite Materials for Direct X-ray Detection

Guillén

Lédée

Baussens

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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The study and development in recent years of hybrid (organic–inorganic) halide perovskite materials have given them an unprecedented opportunity for direct ionizing radiation detection, given their large attenuation coefficient and sufficient charge carrier mobility lifetime product. The use of single crystals, considered as model materials, allows us to investigate their intrinsic properties. Characterizations under X-ray illumination of detector devices based on methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals, obtained by optimized growths, show good sensitivity but high dark current density. To improve this critical parameter, while using MAPbBr3 as the base material, we employ anion engineering within the halide elements. We present here mixed halide perovskite crystals, with bromide partially replaced with chloride, obtained through optimized growths using modified inverse temperature crystallization in dimethylformamide, leading to high-quality single crystals of the general formula MAPb(Br1–x Cl x )3. Six chlorine contents are targeted and carefully determined experimentally via energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. For each composition, several crystals are synthesized and used to prepare X-ray detection devices. Their optoelectronic properties are determined under standard X-ray medical conditions and hint at the existence of an optimal composition. MAPb(Br0.85Cl0.15)3 exhibits the best sensitivity with a value of S ≈ 3 μC mGyair –1 cm–2 for RQA5 spectral quality and the lowest dark current density with a value of J dark ≈ 22 nA mm–2, both recorded at a 50 V mm–1 electric field. This sensitivity value doubles our own MAPbBr3 single crystal device and is higher than that of CsI(Tl)- or a-Se-based flat panels. The present work broadens the benefits and drawbacks of employing halide engineering in perovskite materials to improve the optoelectronic performance under high-energy radiation.

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“…and Li et al., achieving low dark currents and low detection limits. 43 , 44 However, the precise control of film thickness in such a method is still quite challenging.…”

Section: Basic Of Perovskitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible perovskite scintillators and detectors for X-ray detection

et al. 2022

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Direct conversion X-ray detectors with 70 pA cm⁻² dark currents coated from an alcohol-based perovskite ink

Abstract: Direct conversion x-ray image detectors offer higher spatial resolution than their indirect counterparts. Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are among the most sensitive x-ray photoconductors for these detectors; however, high dark currents...

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Realizing nearly-zero dark current and ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio perovskite X-ray detector and image array by dark-current-shunting strategy

Realizing nearly-zero dark current and ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio perovskite X-ray detector and image array by dark-current-shunting strategy

MAPb(Br_1–xCl_x)₃ Hybrid Perovskite Materials for Direct X-ray Detection

Flexible perovskite scintillators and detectors for X-ray detection

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Direct conversion X-ray detectors with 70 pA cm−2 dark currents coated from an alcohol-based perovskite ink

Abstract: Direct conversion x-ray image detectors offer higher spatial resolution than their indirect counterparts. Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are among the most sensitive x-ray photoconductors for these detectors; however, high dark currents...

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Realizing nearly-zero dark current and ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio perovskite X-ray detector and image array by dark-current-shunting strategy

Realizing nearly-zero dark current and ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio perovskite X-ray detector and image array by dark-current-shunting strategy

MAPb(Br1–xClx)3 Hybrid Perovskite Materials for Direct X-ray Detection

Flexible perovskite scintillators and detectors for X-ray detection

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Product

Resources

About

Direct conversion X-ray detectors with 70 pA cm⁻² dark currents coated from an alcohol-based perovskite ink

MAPb(Br_1–xCl_x)₃ Hybrid Perovskite Materials for Direct X-ray Detection