Direct C sp²H and C sp³H Arylation Enabled by Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts

Abstract

This review gives an overview of direct CH arylation catalyzed by heterogeneous Pd catalysts. The efficiency of the different forms of heterogeneous Pd catalysts is discussed with a critical view of the transformations attainable. If experimental evidence is provided, mechanistic considerations on the true nature of the catalysis, that is, heterogeneous versus homogeneous, are discussed as well.

Definition of green synthetic tools based on safer reaction media, heterogeneous catalysis, and flow technology

“…Among the different approaches for the definition of catalytic methodologies, the use of insoluble catalysts that operate in a heterogeneous fashion is highly intriguing and also challenging [48][49][50][51][52][53]. Significant advantages may derive from the adoption of this strategy with the reduction of waste produced, provided that an easy recovery and reuse of the catalyst is achieved.…”

Catalytic C–H bond functionalisation chemistry: the case for quasi-heterogeneous catalysis

“…Background To date there are only a handful of supported Pd nanoparticulate catalysts that have been described in the literature for use in C-H bond functionalisation chemistry, 78,79 in contrast to more traditional Pd-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. [11][12][13][14] Despite their limited number these catalysts are highly varied and correspondingly they display diverse reactivities.…”

Recent Developments in Pd-Catalyzed Direct Arylations of Heteroarenes with Aryl Halides

“…With the aim to develop more sustainable direct C-H arylations, the use of heterogeneous catalysts is particularly attractive, although the inertness of the C-H bond has rendered this promising implementation rather difficult [42]. However, the use of heterogeneous catalysts gives a number of advantages: (1) easy catalyst recovery, (2) metal recycling or reprocessing, and (3) reduced metal contamination of solvents and products.…”