Direct and Indirect Neurotoxic Potential of Metal/Metalloids in Plants and Fungi Used for Food, Dietary Supplements, and Herbal Medicine

Spencer, Peter S.; Palmer, Valerie S.

doi:10.3390/toxics9030057

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…A 2008 epidemiologic investigation of ALS in Jefferson County, Missouri ( Figure 3 ), identified a small cluster of patients around a lead smelter area ( Taylor and Davis, 1989 ). Mushrooms flourish in smelter areas, where they take up heavy metals such as lead ( Spencer and Palmer, 2021 ). In the case of G. caroliniana (Big Red) ( Kuo, 2021 ), which is distributed statewide in Missouri ( Anon, 2022c ), fungal metal uptake might require continuous production of hydrazine-related compounds to store the potentially toxic elements in the form hydrazine-metal chelates ( Govindarajan et al, 1995 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The accumulation of DNA lesions is responsible for the teratogenic, mutagenic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and neurotoxic properties of MAM (Laqueur, 1977;Sieber et al, 1980;Kisby and Spencer, 2011). Neurons are proposed to be susceptible to O 6 -methylguanine because the specific DNArepair enzyme O 6 -methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) is 10.3389/fnins.2023.1005096 Rows: (A) Region has a high soil content of selenium, one of many elements taken up and concentrated by mushrooms (Spencer and Palmer, 2021). (B) Unstated occupational, travel, dietary and animal-exposure histories similar to that of local people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early-onset, conjugal, twin-discordant, and clusters of sporadic ALS: Pathway to discovery of etiology via lifetime exposome research

et al. 2023

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The identity and role of environmental factors in the etiology of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is poorly understood outside of three former high-incidence foci of Western Pacific ALS and a hotspot of sALS in the French Alps. In both instances, there is a strong association with exposure to DNA-damaging (genotoxic) chemicals years or decades prior to clinical onset of motor neuron disease. In light of this recent understanding, we discuss published geographic clusters of ALS, conjugal cases, single-affected twins, and young-onset cases in relation to their demographic, geographic and environmental associations but also whether, in theory, there was the possibility of exposure to genotoxic chemicals of natural or synthetic origin. Special opportunities to test for such exposures in sALS exist in southeast France, northwest Italy, Finland, the U.S. East North Central States, and in the U.S. Air Force and Space Force. Given the degree and timing of exposure to an environmental trigger of ALS may be related to the age at which the disease is expressed, research should focus on the lifetime exposome (from conception to clinical onset) of young sALS cases. Multidisciplinary research of this type may lead to the identification of ALS causation, mechanism, and primary prevention, as well as to early detection of impending ALS and pre-clinical treatment to slow development of this fatal neurological disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-onset, conjugal, twin-discordant, and clusters of sporadic ALS: Pathway to discovery of etiology via lifetime exposome research

et al. 2023

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“…Acute heavy metal poisoning often leads to death, but such forms of poisoning are rare. Frequent consumption of mushrooms increases the risk of chronic poisoning: although smaller amounts of heavy metals are introduced into the body at one time, but it takes longer and causes the accumulation of undesirable substances in the body [ 76 ].…”

Section: Nutritional Value Of the Parasol Mushroom Fruiting Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities of Using Macrolepiota procera in the Production of Prohealth Food and in Medicine

Adamska

Tokarczyk

2022

International Journal of Food Science

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Parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera) is a fungus that is often included in the menu of people looking for replacements for meat products and at the same time appreciating mushrooms. Its fruiting bodies are known for their delicate flavor and aroma. The aim of the publication was to analyze the latest information (mainly from 2015 to 2021) on the chemical composition of the M. procera fruiting bodies and their antioxidant properties. The data on other health-promoting properties and the possibilities of using these mushrooms in medicine were also compiled and summarized, taking into account their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regulatory, antidepressant, and anticancer effects. Moreover, the influence of various forms of processing and conservation of raw mushroom on its health-promoting properties was discussed. The possibilities of controlling the quality of both the raw material and the prepared dishes were also discussed. Such an opportunity is offered by the possibility of modifying the growing conditions, in particular, the appropriate selection of the substrate for mushroom cultivation and the deliberate enrichment of its composition with the selected substances, which will then be incorporated into the fungus organism.

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“…Gyromitrin may also have long-term toxic effects, including increased rates of cancer (Toth and Nagel 1978; Toth and Patil 1980). The genotoxic potential of gyromitrin informs the emerging hypothesis of its role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Spencer 2020; Lagrange et al 2021; Spencer and Kisby 2021; Spencer and Palmer 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of the gyromitrin mycotoxin in the lorchel family assessed by a pre-column-derivatization and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography method

Dirks

Mohamed

Schultz

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Gyromitrin (acetaldehyde N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone) and its homologs are deadly mycotoxins produced most infamously by the lorchel (also known as false morel) Gyromitra esculenta, which is paradoxically consumed as a delicacy in some parts of the world. There is much speculation about the presence of gyromitrin in other species of the lorchel family (Discinaceae), but no studies have broadly assessed its distribution. Given the history of poisonings associated with the consumption of G. esculenta and G. ambigua, we hypothesized that gyromitrin evolved in the last common ancestor of these taxa and would be present in their descendants with adaptive loss of function in the nested truffle clade, Hydnotrya. To investigate this hypothesis, we developed a sensitive analytical derivatization method for the detection of gyromitrin using 2,4-dinotrobenzaldehyde as the derivatization reagent. In total, we analyzed 66 specimens for the presence of gyromitrin over 105 tests. Moreover, we sequenced the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region (ITS barcode) and nuc 28S rDNA to assist in species identification and to infer a supporting phylogenetic tree. We detected gyromitrin in all tested specimens from the G. esculenta group as well as G. leucoxantha. This distribution is consistent with a model of rapid evolution coupled with horizontal transfer, which is typical for secondary metabolites. We clarified that gyromitrin production in Discinaceae is both discontinuous and more limited than previously thought. Further research is required to elucidate the gyromitrin biosynthesis gene cluster and its evolutionary history in lorchels.

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Direct and Indirect Neurotoxic Potential of Metal/Metalloids in Plants and Fungi Used for Food, Dietary Supplements, and Herbal Medicine

Cited by 10 publications

References 99 publications

Early-onset, conjugal, twin-discordant, and clusters of sporadic ALS: Pathway to discovery of etiology via lifetime exposome research

Early-onset, conjugal, twin-discordant, and clusters of sporadic ALS: Pathway to discovery of etiology via lifetime exposome research

Possibilities of Using Macrolepiota procera in the Production of Prohealth Food and in Medicine

Distribution of the gyromitrin mycotoxin in the lorchel family assessed by a pre-column-derivatization and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography method

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