Direct and indirect methods used to study arterial blood pressure

Vliet, Bruce N. Van; Chafe, L.; Antic, Vladan; Schnyder‐Candrian, Silvia; Montani, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.1016/s1056-8719(00)00126-x

Cited by 98 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…73 A limitation of all these studies is that blood pressure was measured by tail cuff, a method that yields much more variable results than state of the art techniques by telemetry. 74 Furthermore, rats may not be the best model to study obesity-induced hypertension as, even within the same strain of rats (Sprague-Dawley), feeding rats a high-fat diet does not always produce hypertension, 75 whereas dogs 76,77 and rabbits 78 show consistent increase in blood pressure with diet-induced obesity. The association of weight cycling and hypertension has been investigated in many human studies, often with positive results.…”

Section: Dyslipidemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for later cardiovascular diseases: the ‘repeated overshoot’ theory

et al. 2006

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In people trying to lose weight, there are often repeated cycles of weight loss and regain. Weight cycling is, however, not limited to obese adults but affects people of normal weight, particularly young women, who are unhappy with their appearance. Furthermore, the onset of a pattern of weight cycling is shifting towards younger ages, owing to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, and the pressure from the media and society for a slim image even for normal weight children. Although there is still controversy whether weight cycling promotes body fat accumulation and obesity, there is mounting evidence from large population studies for increased cardiovascular risks in response to a behavior of weight cycling. Potential mechanisms by which weight cycling contributes to cardiovascular morbidity include hypertension, visceral fat accumulation, changes in adipose tissue fatty acid composition, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Moreover, fluctuations in blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic activity, glomerular filtration rate, blood glucose and lipids that may occur during weight cycling -with overshoots above normal values during weight regain periods -put an additional load on the cardiovascular system, and may be easily overlooked if humans or animals are studied during a state of relatively stable weight. Overshoot of those risks factors, when repeated over time, will stress the cardiovascular system and probably contribute to the overall cardiovascular morbidity of weight cycling.

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Section: Dyslipidemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for later cardiovascular diseases: the ‘repeated overshoot’ theory

et al. 2006

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“…Indirect methods are considered to have 4 main advantages [3][4][5] : (1) They are noninvasive and do not require surgery; (2) they can be used to obtain repeated measurements of systolic BP in conscious animals during studies of short or long duration; (3) they require less expensive equipment than some direct methods (eg, telemetry) and can also be less expensive to operate; and (4) they can be used to screen for systolic hypertension or substantial differences in systolic BP among large numbers of animals. Thus, indirect methods should be considered when an investigator wishes to noninvasively detect or confirm the presence of frank systolic hypertension, substantial differences in systolic BP between groups, or substantial changes in systolic BP over time, particularly when dealing with large numbers of animals (Table 1).…”

Section: Advantages and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans and Experimental Animals

Kurtz¹,

Griffin²,

Bidani³

et al. 2005

Hypertension

249

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Abstract-In experimental animals, as in humans, techniques for measuring blood pressure (BP) have improved considerably over the past decade. In this document, we present recommendations for measuring BP in experimental animals with the goal of helping investigators select optimal methods for BP monitoring in the research laboratory. The advantages and disadvantages of various BP measurement methods are discussed and specific recommendations are provided for selecting the optimal technique depending on the study objective. Although indirect techniques that permit only sporadic measurements of BP may be suitable for some purposes, methods for directly measuring BP are generally preferred because of their ability to monitor the highly dynamic nature of BP in a comprehensive fashion. Selection of the methods to be used should ultimately be guided by the study objectives to insure that the techniques chosen are appropriate for the experimental questions being explored.

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“…The catheter can be housed in a protective spring that is connected to a swivel to allow free movement of the animal, or attached to a button surgically implanted to the animal. Indwelling catheters have the advantage of minimizing the long-term stress on the animal 17,18 . In addition the materials are inexpensive, calibration is easy for pressure measures and continuous long-term measures can be obtained under conditions of relatively low stress for numerous weeks 19 .…”

Section: Preparation Of Surgical Areas For Catheter Placementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Telemetry allows high-quality recordings of blood pressure (and other measures) continuously for long periods of time in conscious freely moving animals without restraint or anesthetics 18 . However, telemetry devices while ideal are very costly.…”

Section: Preparation Of Surgical Areas For Catheter Placementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femoral Arterial and Venous Catheterization for Blood Sampling, Drug Administration and Conscious Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Measurements

Jespersen

Knupp

Northcott

2012

JoVE

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In multiple fields of study, access to the circulatory system in laboratory studies is necessary. Pharmacological studies in rats using chronically implanted catheters permit a researcher to effectively and humanely administer substances, perform repeated blood sampling and assists in conscious direct measurements of blood pressure and heart rate. Once the catheter is implanted long-term sampling is possible. Patency and catheter life depends on multiple factors including the lock solution used, flushing regimen and catheter material. This video will demonstrate the methodology of femoral artery and venous catheterization of the rat. In addition the video will demonstrate the use of the femoral venous and arterial catheters for blood sampling, drug administration and use of the arterial catheter in taking measurements of blood pressure and heart rate in a conscious freely-moving rat. A tether and harness attached to a swivel system will allow the animal to be housed and have samples taken by the researcher with minimal disruption to the animal. To maintain patency of the catheter, careful daily maintenance of the catheter is required using lock solution (100 U/ml heparinized saline), machine-ground blunt tip syringe needles and the use of syringe filters to minimize potential contamination. With careful aseptic surgical techniques, proper catheter materials and careful catheter maintenance techniques, it is possible to sustain patent catheters and healthy animals for long periods of time (several weeks). Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at https://www.jove.com/video/3496/ Protocol Prior to Starting Surgical ProcedureNote: Prior to beginning any animal procedures ensure that you have obtained the appropriate permission through your institution/organization. As with all survival surgeries, make sure that the surgery is performed under sterile conditions and the appropriate pain medication and antibiotics needed are used for a successful outcome.1. Prior to beginning the catheterization procedure evaluate the catheters by flushing them with sterile saline to ensure they are patent. 2. Anesthetize the rat. 3. Prepare the rat for the surgical procedure.a. Shave the fur from the surgical regions, which include the back of the neck (between the shoulder blades) and the inner leg region. b. Using Betadine and a 70% ethanol scrub respectively, scrub the shaved surgical regions starting in the center and making a circular sweep outwards. Repeat this 3 times for each region, finishing with a final cleansing with 70% ethanol. c. Place the animal on a sterile surface and place sterile drape over surgical areas. (The use of Press-n-Seal is an ideal surgical draping allowing the investigator to monitor the animal throughout the procedure.)4. Ensure all surgical tools for the surgical procedure have been sterilized. Preparation of Surgical Areas for Catheter Placement1. With the rat laying prone (on its stomach), make approximately a ½ inch (12 mm) horizontal incision on the back of the neck at...

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Direct and indirect methods used to study arterial blood pressure

Cited by 98 publications

References 19 publications

Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for later cardiovascular diseases: the ‘repeated overshoot’ theory

Weight cycling during growth and beyond as a risk factor for later cardiovascular diseases: the ‘repeated overshoot’ theory

Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans and Experimental Animals

Femoral Arterial and Venous Catheterization for Blood Sampling, Drug Administration and Conscious Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Measurements

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