Direct and indirect measures of memory for modality in young and older adults.

Light, Leah L.; LaVoie, Donna J.; Valencia-Laver, Debra; Owens, Shirley A. Albertson; Mead, Gale

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.6.1284

Cited by 91 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…However, older adults did not show a more robust eye movement effect for the relations among the objects when compared with the younger adults; in fact, only the younger adults showed eye movement evidence of memory for the relations. Because our results were obtained using an implicit eye movement task, consistent findings of an age-related binding impairment obtained with explicit memory instructions, as in studies of associative memory (Chalfonte & Johnson, 1996;Light & La Voie, 1993;Light & Singh, 1987;Naveh-Benjamin, 2000;Winocur et al, 1996), are unlikely to be solely attributable to the increased anxiety and arousal caused by explicit memory instructions (cf. Rahhal et al, 2001).…”

Section: Age-related Impairments In Bindingsupporting

confidence: 86%

Assessment of age-related changes in inhibition and binding using eye movement monitoring.

Ryan

Leung

Turk‐Browne

et al. 2007

Psychology and Aging

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Age-related memory deficits may result from attending to too much information (inhibition deficit) and/or storing too little information (binding deficit). The present study evaluated the inhibition and binding accounts by exploiting a situation in which deficits of inhibition should benefit relational memory binding. Older adults directed more viewing toward abrupt onsets in scenes compared with younger adults under instructions to ignore any such onsets, providing evidence for age-related inhibitory deficits, which were ameliorated with additional practice. Subsequently, objects that served as abrupt onsets underwent changes in their spatial relations. Despite successful inhibition of the onsets, eye movements of younger adults were attracted to manipulated objects. In contrast, the eye movements of older adults, who directed more viewing to the late onsets compared with younger adults, were not attracted toward manipulated regions. Similar differences between younger and older adults in viewing of manipulated regions were observed under free viewing conditions. These findings provide evidence for concurrent inhibition and binding deficits in older adults and demonstrate that age-related declines in inhibitory processing do not lead to enhanced relational memory for extraneous information.

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Section: Age-related Impairments In Bindingsupporting

confidence: 86%

Assessment of age-related changes in inhibition and binding using eye movement monitoring.

Ryan

Leung

Turk‐Browne

et al. 2007

Psychology and Aging

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“…An ironic effect of repetition, as denned here, reflects a failure to recollect that a word was read, rather than heard, earlier. Results from standard tests of source memory have shown that older, as compared with younger, adults are less able to remember whether information was presented visually or aurally (e.g., Light, La Voie, Valencia-Laver, Albertson-Owens, & Mead, 1992;Mclntyre & Craik, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ironic effects of repetition: Measuring age-related differences in memory.

Jacoby¹

1999

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

298

395

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Four experiments examined ironic effects of repetition, effects opposite to those desired (cf. D. M. Wegner, 1994). For an exclusion task, participants were to respond "yes" to words heard earlier but "no" to words that were read earlier. Results from young adults given adequate time to respond showed that false alarms to earlier-read words decreased with their repetition. An opposite, ironic effect of repetition was found for elderly adults-false alarms to earlier-read words increased with repetition. Younger adults forced to respond quickly or to perform a secondary task while reading words showed the same ironic effect of repetition as did elderly adults. The process-dissociation procedure (L. L. Jacoby, 1991Jacoby, ,1998) was used to show that factors that produce ironic effects do so by reducing recollection while leaving effects of repetition on familiarity unchanged.

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“…Camp et al (2000) have argued that SR better taps a more implicit/automatic memory system than other mnemonic techniques. Compared with tasks that tap conscious recollection, implicit memory tasks (e.g., as reflected by repetition priming effects) appear to be relatively intact in both healthy older adults and individuals with early stage DAT (see, e.g., Balota & Ferraro, 1996;Ferraro, Balota, & Conner, 1993;Gabrieli et al, 1999;Light & LaVoie, 1993). In this light, it is interesting to note that Spieler and Balota (1996) and Faust et al (2001) have found that both healthy older adults and individuals with early stage DAT produce the same benefits of spacing and repetition in learning unrelated pairs of words in speeded naming performance.…”

Section: Why Might Expanded Retrieval Practice Produce Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Does expanded retrieval produce benefits over equal-interval spacing? Explorations of spacing effects in healthy aging and early stage Alzheimer's disease.

Balota

Duchek

Sergent-Marshall

et al. 2006

Psychology and Aging

112

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Three experiments explored different schedules of retrieval practice in young adults, older adults, and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. In each experiment, an initial acquisition phase was presented in which participants studied or attempted to retrieve response words to cues, followed by a later cued-recall test. Experiment 1 produced a benefit of expanded retrieval over equal-interval retrieval during acquisition, but this benefit was lost in final cued recall. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants received corrective feedback during acquisition and modified spacing schedules. There was again no evidence of a difference between expanded and equal-interval conditions in final cued recall. Discussion focuses on the potential benefits and costs of expanded retrieval on a theoretical and applied level.Keywords: aging, Alzheimer's disease, memory, retrievalThe advantage of spaced learning episodes over massed learning episodes is one of the most fundamental characteristics in learning (see, e.g., Crowder, 1976, Chapter 9). In the present study, we examine an extension of the spacing effect that has considerable potential for maximizing the benefits of spacing. Specifically, a particular type of spacing that expands the interval between learning episodes appears to afford an additional advantage over a spacing schedule that equally spaces the study episodes. For example, in learning the name of a new person just introduced, one might use an expanded practice schedule by retrieving the name at an interval of 15 s, 45 s, and 60 s, compared with an equally spaced practice of retrieving the name pair every 40 s. This particular type of spacing, referred to as expanded retrieval practice, has been extended to applied situations, including educational settings (e.g., Rea & Modigliani, 1985), and to individuals with memory impairments, such as individuals with early stage dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT; e.g., Camp, Foss, Stevens, & O'Hanlon, 1996).The goal of the present series of experiments is to explore the benefits of expanded retrieval in young adults, healthy older adults, and individuals with early stage DAT. First, we briefly review the empirical evidence for this phenomenon, the potential theoretical accounts, and why one might be especially interested in this procedure in these particular groups of individuals. Evidence for Benefits of Expanded Over Equal-IntervalSpaced Retrieval Landauer and Bjork (1978) were the first to fully explore the benefits of expanded retrieval over equal-interval spacing in two controlled experiments. In their first experiment, participants were initially presented a deck of cards that included fictitious first and second names of individuals. We refer to this as the acquisition phase. For present purposes, we focus on the trials in which participants were first presented both the first and second names intact, followed at varying schedules of receiving cards with only the first name of the study pair as a retrieval cue for the second name. For example, in the ex...

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Direct and indirect measures of memory for modality in young and older adults.

Cited by 91 publications

References 59 publications

Assessment of age-related changes in inhibition and binding using eye movement monitoring.

Assessment of age-related changes in inhibition and binding using eye movement monitoring.

Ironic effects of repetition: Measuring age-related differences in memory.

Does expanded retrieval produce benefits over equal-interval spacing? Explorations of spacing effects in healthy aging and early stage Alzheimer's disease.

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