Direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation of amine-containing pharmaceuticals using graphite electrodes

Liu, Yu-Jung; Hu, Ching Yao; Lo, Shang Lien

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.037

Cited by 107 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This leads to an improvement in the degradation of norfloxacin, mineralization, and the consequent mineralization current efficiency [51]. Most of the studies were conducted in undivided electrochemical reactors, usually using solution volumes ranging from 100 to 500 mL, although 1 L or larger volumes were sometimes used [48][49][50]. Divided cells use a separator between anolyte and catholyte, which makes the treatment process more costly and challenging due to the penalty overvoltage of the separator.…”

Section: Electrochemical Reactor Designs and Configurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A filter-press electrochemical reactor, 0.5L solution, flow rate [98] diclofenac, and sulfamethoxazole degradation showed high removal efficiencies, and faster reaction rates may correlate with the presence of chloride species, which may be due to the involvement of hypochlorite ions. Although all of the drugs were degraded by indirect electrochemical oxidation, cyclic voltammograms suggested that chloride species may have coexisted with *OH and have been converted into by-products of degradation [49], whereas ions Cl − and PO4 3− significantly increased the decomposition rate of ifosfamide [94]. Current density (j), pH, and temperature also among parameters that have been optimized and investigated in the EOP.…”

Section: Supporting Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Trends in Removal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Electrochemical Oxidation and Combined Systems

Dao

Yang

Chen

et al. 2020

Water

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Due to various potential toxicological threats to living organisms even at low concentrations, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in natural water are seen as an emerging environmental issue. The low efficiency of removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by conventional wastewater treatment plants calls for more efficient technology. Research on advanced oxidation processes has recently become a hot topic as it has been shown that these technologies can effectively oxidize most organic contaminants to inorganic carbon through mineralization. Among the advanced oxidation processes, the electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and, in general, electrochemical oxidation or anodic oxidation have shown good prospects at the lab-scale for the elimination of contamination caused by the presence of residual pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aqueous systems. This paper reviewed the effectiveness of electrochemical oxidation in removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products from liquid solutions, alone or in combination with other treatment processes, in the last 10 years. Reactor designs and configurations, electrode materials, operational factors (initial concentration, supporting electrolytes, current density, temperature, pH, stirring rate, electrode spacing, and fluid velocity) were also investigated.

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Section: Electrochemical Reactor Designs and Configurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Supporting Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Trends in Removal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Electrochemical Oxidation and Combined Systems

Dao

Yang

Chen

et al. 2020

Water

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“…An electrochemical process was applied to broad applicability like textile, cellulose, paper factories, laundry, and various kinds of different characteristic wastewater [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. This technology can be operated by separation and degradation, called electro-coagulation and electrochemical oxidation, which depends on the characteristics of the electrodes [18][19][20]. In a separation system, electro-coagulation involves applying electric current to sacrificial electrodes where coagulants and gas bubbles are generated in situ by the current, and destabilizes, suspends, emulsifies or dissolves pollutants in an aqueous medium, or floats pollutants to the surface by tiny bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen gases generated from water electrolysis [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the stable complexation between pollutants and flocs might be due to the structure of the pollutants, which might be the assumption for high selectivity by the metal adsorption capacity of the ligand-based-like flocs [22][23][24]. In a degradation system, electro-oxidation occurs through two routes, (1) direct oxidation, where the pollutants eliminated at the anode surface; (2) indirect oxidation, where mediators (reactive oxygen species or active chlorine species) are anodically generated to carry out the reaction [20,25]. The electrochemical methods have the advantages of simple equipment, flexible operation, and being chemical free [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Effects of Types of Electrode on the Removal of Multiple Pharmaceuticals from Water by Electrochemical Methods

Liu

Huang

et al. 2020

Water

Self Cite

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Considering the lack of information on simultaneously removing multiple pharmaceuticals from water or wastewater by electrochemical methods, this study aimed to investigate the removal of multiple pharmaceuticals by electro-coagulation and electro-oxidation based on two types of electrodes (aluminum and graphite). The synthetic wastewater contained a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac), a sulfonamide antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole) and a β-blocker (atenolol). The pharmaceutical removal with electro-oxidation was much higher than those with the electro-coagulation process, which was obtained from a five-cell graphite electrode system, while the removal of pharmaceuticals with aluminum electrodes was about 20% (20 µM). In the electro-coagulation system, pharmaceutical removal was mainly influenced by the solubility or hydrophilicity of the compound. In the electro-oxidation system, the removal mechanism was influenced by the dissociation status of the compounds, which are attracted to the anode due to electrostatic forces and have a higher mass transformation rate with the electro-oxidation process. Therefore, atenolol, which was undissociated, cannot adequately be eliminated by electro-oxidation, unless the electrode’s surface is large enough to increase the mass diffusion rate.

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“…Amine is one of the most important functional groups in the chemical industry, highly present in various industrial fields, such as pharmaceuticals [1,2,3], agrochemicals [4,5], detergents [6,7], lubricants [8] and polymer industry [9,10]. Amines act as intermediates in the synthesis of different polymers including phenolic resins [11,12], polyimides [13], polyureas, polyurethane [14] and poly(hydroxy)urethanes [15], polyamide [16,17] and epoxy thermosets [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Pluri-Functional Amine Hardeners from Bio-Based Aromatic Aldehydes for Epoxy Amine Thermosets

Mora

Tayouo²,

Boutevin

et al. 2019

Molecules

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Most of the current amine hardeners are petro-sourced and only a few studies have focused on the research of bio-based substitutes. Hence, in an eco-friendly context, our team proposed the design of bio-based amine monomers with aromatic structures. This work described the use of the reductive amination with imine intermediate in order to obtain bio-based pluri-functional amines exhibiting low viscosity. The effect of the nature of initial aldehyde reactant on the hardener properties was studied, as well as the reaction conditions. Then, these pluri-functional amines were added to petro-sourced (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA) or bio-based (diglycidyl ether of vanillin alcohol, DGEVA) epoxy monomers to form thermosets by step growth polymerization. Due to their low viscosity, the epoxy-amine mixtures were easily homogenized and cured more rapidly compared to the use of more viscous hardeners (<0.6 Pa s at 22 °C). After curing, the thermo-mechanical properties of the epoxy thermosets were determined and compared. The isophthalatetetramine (IPTA) hardener, with a higher number of amine active H, led to thermosets with higher thermo-mechanical properties (glass transition temperatures (Tg and Tα) were around 95 °C for DGEBA-based thermosets against 60 °C for DGEVA-based thermosets) than materials from benzylamine (BDA) or furfurylamine (FDA) that contained less active hydrogens (Tg and Tα around 77 °C for DGEBA-based thermosets and Tg and Tα around 45 °C for DGEVA-based thermosets). By comparing to industrial hardener references, IPTA possesses six active hydrogens which obtain high cross-linked systems, similar to industrial references, and longer molecular length due to the presence of two alkyl chains, leading respectively to high mechanical strength with lower Tg.

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Direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation of amine-containing pharmaceuticals using graphite electrodes

Cited by 107 publications

References 54 publications

Recent Trends in Removal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Electrochemical Oxidation and Combined Systems

Recent Trends in Removal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Electrochemical Oxidation and Combined Systems

Comparing the Effects of Types of Electrode on the Removal of Multiple Pharmaceuticals from Water by Electrochemical Methods

Synthesis of Pluri-Functional Amine Hardeners from Bio-Based Aromatic Aldehydes for Epoxy Amine Thermosets

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