Direct and Indirect Costs of Rabies Exposure: A Retrospective Study in Southern California (1998–2002)

Shwiff, Stephanie A.; Sterner, Ray T.; Jay, Michele T.; Parikh, Shefali; Bellomy, Amy; Meltzer, Martin I.; Rupprecht, Charles E.; Slate, Dennis

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-43.2.251

Cited by 48 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This highlights the critical prevention message of having cats vaccinated and of avoiding stray cat exposure, to eliminate the risk of rabies as well as the expense associated with testing and postexposure prophylaxis. The costs associated with preventing rabies are substantial Chang et al, 2002;Shwiff et al, 2007). Raccoon rabies spread across Massachusetts from two distinct foci of introduction in 1992, one in the northcentral part of the state and one in the extreme southwestern corner, as shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Wang

Werner

Konomi

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In this study, we review annual rabies data from Massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. Of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/ 52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. Bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (Procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis, 34.4%, 1,489 of 4,332), bats (5.3%, 427 of 8,053), foxes (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 16.3%, 135 of 827), cats (0.8%, 136 of 18,050), and woodchucks (Marmota monax, 5.7%, 82 of 1,446). Cats were the most frequently tested animal (34.7%). Raccoon strain rabies spread from two foci of introduction with an initial epizootic phase of 4 yr, by which time most of the state was affected. In 1992, there was a transition from enzootic bat rabies, with little spillover to other animals, to terrestrial rabies associated with raccoon strain virus. Although raccoons were most affected by the raccoon strain virus, there was spillover to other species, particularly to skunks. The eastern United States raccoon rabies epizootic led to a marked increase in submissions for rabies testing and the number of positive animals detected; however, bat rabies cases remained at their previous levels. Wild animal rabies presents a significant threat to humans and domestic/companion animals and increased costs related to increased demand for rabies testing, postexposure prophylaxis as well as euthanasia of valuable domestic animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Wang

Werner

Konomi

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Because rabies patients die quickly, and there is no effective therapy, the cost of illness is relatively small, especially in the developing world. In contrast, the major direct costs arising from factors such as PEP and livestock deaths have been characterized in numerous studies (Shwiff et al, 2007;Sterner et al, 2009;Zinsstag et al, 2009 ). Canine rabies also has indirect costs, including vaccination of livestock and companion animals and testing of dogs suspected of rabies (Anderson et al, 2012;Narrod et al, 2012 ).…”

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confidence: 94%

Potential economic benefits of eliminating canine rabies

2013

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Although canine rabies has been eliminated from industrialized countries, infected dogs remain the primary source of human and livestock exposures in Asia, Africa and much of South America. Human deaths are the most important direct economic impact of canine rabies, followed by livestock losses and the cost of PEP, while expenses associated with dog vaccination and control are major indirect impacts. The global burden of rabies disproportionately affects Asia, which experiences more than half of human rabies deaths and approximately 65% of livestock losses, and performs more than 90% of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Africa is second to Asia in terms of human deaths and livestock losses, but administers the least number of PEPs of the three regions. Recent experience in Latin America shows that efforts to reduce human deaths from rabies through expanded dog vaccination and improved access to PEP result in significant monetary savings. The elimination of canine rabies would lead to major economic benefits in developing countries that are often the least capable of dealing with the disease. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on the elimination of canine rabies.

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“…Each year, rabies is ruled out in more than 99,000 of the animals submitted for testing. A previous study 29 suggested that the average cost of collecting and testing an animal for rabies virus infection was approximately $400. This would place the national costs for laboratory-based rabies surveillance at approximately $45 million annually.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2011

Blanton¹,

Dyer²,

McBrayer³

et al. 2012

javma

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Summary—During 2011, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,031 rabid animals and 6 human rabies cases to the CDC, representing a 1.9% decrease from the 6,153 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2010. Approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,981 raccoons (32.8%), 1,627 skunks (27.0%), 1,380 bats (22.9%), 427 foxes (7.1%), 303 cats (5.0%), 65 cattle (1.1%), and 70 dogs (1.2%). Compared with 2010, there was a substantial increase in the number of rabid skunks reported. Six cases of rabies involving humans were reported from California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and South Carolina. Three cases reported from Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York were determined to be a result of canine rabies virus variants acquired outside the United States.

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Direct and Indirect Costs of Rabies Exposure: A Retrospective Study in Southern California (1998–2002)

Cited by 48 publications

References 7 publications

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Potential economic benefits of eliminating canine rabies

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2011

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