Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site

Brown, Hilary M.; Öktem, Berk; Windom, A.; Doroshenko, Vladimir M.; Evans-Nguyen, Kenyon M.

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2016.07.002

Cited by 61 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Reported applications demonstrate the utility of specific ambient MS techniques in this arena, allowing the direct analysis of utilized surface swabs [24], trace residues [41], bulk evidence [42], and highly complex sample matrices [26,43]. Furthermore, implementing automated spectral library searching and chemical identification on said systems can alleviate the need for field-based data interpretation, allowing the use by nontechnical operators [44].…”

Section: A Review Of the 2009 Census For Publicly Funded Forensicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cooks and co-workers have assessed LODs for explosives residues [50,51] and drugs of abuse [52] using their lineage of miniaturized MS systems, as well as demonstrated quantitative toxicological analysis of biofluids [53,54]. Other reports have evaluated selectivity and throughput of drug evidence screening using commercially available systems [24,42].…”

Section: A Review Of the 2009 Census For Publicly Funded Forensicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the paper substrate employed in PSI-MS makes it naturally applicable to surface swabbing [26], and flexibility of positioning for DART-MS is convenient for rapid introduction of solid samples [42]. To maximize the utility of portable MS screening of forensic evidence, a centralized mounting/positioning system that allows rapid interchanging and operation of a suite of traditional and ambient ion sources (i.e., ESI, DESI, PSI, PCSI, and APCI) was developed and assessed in terms of utility and throughput; the mounting system and constructed ion sources are detailed in Supplementary Figure S-1.…”

Section: Throughput and Utility Of Bplug And Play^style Ionization Somentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FLIR AI-MS 1.2 and other trap-based portable MS systems [41,42] have demonstrated high spectral congruency when compared with lab-grade instrumentation for most traditional forensic chemicals [24] and, so, enjoy the selectivity afforded to MS analysis. Incorporation of tandem MS data in analyte identification even allows discernment from complex matrices [26,43].…”

Section: Selectivity Of Analyte Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening

Lawton

Traub

Fatigante

et al. 2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

103

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Abstract. Forensic evidentiary backlogs are indicative of the growing need for costeffective, high-throughput instrumental methods. One such emerging technology that shows high promise in meeting this demand while also allowing on-site forensic investigation is portable mass spectrometric (MS) instrumentation, particularly that which enables the coupling to ambient ionization techniques. While the benefits of rapid, on-site screening of contraband can be anticipated, the inherent legal implications of field-collected data necessitates that the analytical performance of technology employed be commensurate with accepted techniques. To this end, comprehensive analytical validation studies are required before broad incorporation by forensic practitioners can be considered, and are the focus of this work. Pertinent performance characteristics such as throughput, selectivity, accuracy/precision, method robustness, and ruggedness have been investigated. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates is also assessed, examining the effect of variables such as user training and experience level. To provide flexibility toward broad chemical evidence analysis, a suite of rapidly-interchangeable ion sources has been developed and characterized through the analysis of common illicit chemicals and emerging threats like substituted phenethylamines.

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Section: A Review Of the 2009 Census For Publicly Funded Forensicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Review Of the 2009 Census For Publicly Funded Forensicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Throughput and Utility Of Bplug And Play^style Ionization Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selectivity Of Analyte Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening

Lawton

Traub

Fatigante

et al. 2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[1] Methods for forming ions under ambient conditions can be classified into three primary groups that are based on liquid solution sprays, [2,3] laser desorption from surfaces, [4][5][6] and plasma ionization. [7] Such ionization methods can be used to analyse samples in the open atmosphere without the need for ion source enclosure, which facilitates high-throughput screening applications, including in the analysis of pharmaceutical tablets, [8] forensic samples, [9][10][11] explosives, [12,13] narcotics, [14] chemical warfare agents, [15][16][17] and persistent organic pollutants, [18][19][20] and bacterial profiling. [21] Plasma-based ionization methods have the advantages that (i) solvents, fluid pumps, and lasers are not required, and (ii) such ion sources tend to be significantly less susceptible to ion suppression, in which the sample matrix can detrimentally affect analyte ionization efficiency, than spray-and laser-based ion sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal Energy Deposition in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization is Significantly Lower than in Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry

2017

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The extent of internal energy deposition using three different plasma-based ionization mass spectrometry (MS) methods, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), direct analysis in real time (DART), and active capillary dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI), was investigated using benzylammonium 'thermometer' ions. Ions formed by DBDI were activated significantly less than those that were formed by DART and APCI under these conditions. Thermal ion activation by DART can be reduced slightly by positioning the DART source further from the capillary entrance to the MS and reducing the heat that is applied to metastable atoms exiting the DART source. For example, the average ion internal energy distribution decreased by less than 10 % (166.9 AE 0.3 to 152.2 AE 1.0 kJ mol À1) when the distance between the DART source and the MS was increased by 250 % (10 to 25 mm). By lowering the DART temperature from 350 to 1508C, the internal energy distributions of the thermometer ions decreased by ,15 % (169.93 AE 0.83 to 150.21 AE 0.52 kJ mol À1). Positioning the DART source nozzle more than 25 mm from the entrance to the MS and decreasing the DART temperature further resulted in a significant decrease in ion signal. Thus, varying the major DART ion source parameters had minimal impact on the 'softness' of the DART ion source under these conditions. Overall, these data indicate that DBDI can be a significantly 'softer' ion source than two of the most widely used plasma-based ion sources that are commercially available.

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Towards Developing a Screening Strategy for Ecstasy: Revealing the Electrochemical Profile

et al. 2021

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This article describes the development of an electrochemical screening strategy for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the regular psychoactive compound in ecstasy (XTC) pills. We have investigated the specific electrochemical profile of MDMA and its electro‐oxidation mechanisms at disposable graphite screen‐printed electrodes. We have proved that the formation of a radical cation and subsequent reactions are indeed responsible for the electrode surface passivation, as evidenced by using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrochemistry. Thereafter, pure cutting agents and MDMA as well as simulated binary mixtures of compounds with MDMA were subjected to square wave voltammetry at pH 7 to understand the characteristic electrochemical profile. An additional measurement at pH 12 was able to resolve false positives and negatives occurring at pH 7. Finally, validation of the screening strategy was done by measuring a set of ecstasy street samples. Overall, our proposed electrochemical screening strategy has been demonstrated for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of MDMA, resolving most of the false positives and negatives given by the traditional Marquis color tests, thus exhibiting remarkable promises for the on‐site screening of MDMA.

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Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site

Cited by 61 publications

References 34 publications

Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening

Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening

Internal Energy Deposition in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization is Significantly Lower than in Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry

Towards Developing a Screening Strategy for Ecstasy: Revealing the Electrochemical Profile

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