Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) leaves from the K-Pg of India: a Cretaceous Gondwana presence of the Dipterocarpaceae

Khan, Mahasin Ali; Spicer, Robert A.; Spicer, Teresa E.V.; Roy, Kaustav; Hazra, Manoshi; Hazra, Taposhi; Mahato, Sumana; Kumar, Sanchita; Bera, Subir

doi:10.1007/s00606-020-01718-z

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…( B ) Location and stratigraphy of the Baraka Formation in Sudan. ( C ) Stratigraphic distribution of Dipterocarpaceae pollen in Sudan and India and the oldest records of dipterocarp macrofossils from Africa, South America, and tropical Asia ( 6 , 16 , 24 , 35 – 37 ). E. Eocene, early Eocene; Maast., Maastrichtian; L. Pal, late Paleocene; Quat, Quaternary; Plio.-Eoc., Pliocene-Eocene; Paleo., Paleocene; Camp., Campanian; Sant.-Turo., Santonian-Turonian; Cenom., Cenomanian; Barrem., Barremian; Titho., Tithonian; Myr, million years; B, geochemical biomarker; Vs, Vateriopsis type; M, Monotes type; D, Dipterocarpus type-a and Dipterocarpus type-b; V, Vatica type; Dr, Dryobalanops type; Sp, Parashorea type; Sa, Shorea albida type; Sr, Shorea robusta type.…”

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Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange

Bansal¹,

Morley

Nagaraju³

et al. 2022

Science

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The evolution and diversification of ancient megathermal angiosperm lineages with Africa-India origins in Asian tropical forests is poorly understood because of the lack of reliable fossils. Our palaeobiogeographical analysis of pollen fossils from Africa and India combined with molecular data and fossil amber records suggest a tropical-African origin of Dipterocarpaceae during the mid-Cretaceous and its dispersal to India during the Late Maastrichtian and Paleocene, leading to range expansion of aseasonal dipterocarps on the Indian Plate. The India-Asia collision further facilitated the dispersal of dipterocarps from India to similar climatic zones in Southeast Asia, which supports their out-of-India migration. The dispersal pathway suggested for Dipterocarpaceae may provide a framework for an alternative biogeographic hypothesis for several megathermal angiosperm families that are presently widely distributed in Southeast Asia.

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confidence: 99%

Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange

Bansal¹,

Morley

Nagaraju³

et al. 2022

Science

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“…To our knowledge, these are the only recently reported non-wood macrofossils of the genus from the Malay Archipelago. However, several fossil leaves and fruits from the region are attributed to Dipterocarpus in historical literature in need of revision (see Introduction; summarized in Khan et al, 2020 ), and some illustrations show the characteristic plicated foliage ( e.g ., Miocene of Sumatra: Kräusel, 1929a : plate 6.1). Palynological data support the presence of the genus in northern Borneo since the Oligocene ( Muller, 1981 ; Ashton et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Woods and pollen potentially related to Dipterocarpus are found far beyond the current range, including pollen from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Sudan ( Morley, 2018 ; Ashton et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2021 ). Many leaf fossils attributed to Dipterocarpus are reported from the Neogene Siwalik sequence in India, Nepal, and Bhutan (summarized in Khan et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dipterocarpus leaf fossils are most convincing when the typical architecture of straight, regular, robust secondaries and opposite percurrent tertiary veins (features found in several plant groups) are combined with the taxonomically restricted feature of visible plications, as seen in our fossils and several previous examples ( Kräusel, 1929a ; Srivastava et al, 2017 ). Khan et al (2020) recently assigned leaf fossils to Dipterocarpus from Deccan sediments, close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in Madhya Pradesh, central India, and considered these specimens as evidence for the popular out-of-India model for the introduction of Dipterocarpoideae into Asia ( e.g ., Dutta et al, 2011 ). However, the fossils lack plications and have comparatively thin and irregular secondary venation, unlike most living Dipterocarpus ; thus, they could belong to many other taxa despite some similarities in the cuticle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First fossil-leaf floras from Brunei Darussalam show dipterocarp dominance in Borneo by the Pliocene

Wilf

Zou

Donovan

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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The Malay Archipelago is one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth, but it suffers high extinction risks due to severe anthropogenic pressures. Paleobotanical knowledge provides baselines for the conservation of living analogs and improved understanding of vegetation, biogeography, and paleoenvironments through time. The Malesian bioregion is well studied palynologically, but there have been very few investigations of Cenozoic paleobotany (plant macrofossils) in a century or more. We report the first paleobotanical survey of Brunei Darussalam, a sultanate on the north coast of Borneo that still preserves the majority of its extraordinarily diverse, old-growth tropical rainforests. We discovered abundant compression floras dominated by angiosperm leaves at two sites of probable Pliocene age: Berakas Beach, in the Liang Formation, and Kampong Lugu, in an undescribed stratigraphic unit. Both sites also yielded rich palynofloral assemblages from the macrofossil-bearing beds, indicating lowland fern-dominated swamp (Berakas Beach) and mangrove swamp (Kampong Lugu) depositional environments. Fern spores from at least nine families dominate both palynological assemblages, along with abundant fungal and freshwater algal remains, rare marine microplankton, at least four mangrove genera, and a diverse rainforest tree and liana contribution (at least 19 families) with scarce pollen of Dipterocarpaceae, today’s dominant regional life form. Compressed leaves and rare reproductive material represent influx to the depocenters from the adjacent coastal rainforests. Although only about 40% of specimens preserve informative details, we can distinguish 23 leaf and two reproductive morphotypes among the two sites. Dipterocarps are by far the most abundant group in both compression assemblages, providing rare, localized evidence for dipterocarp-dominated lowland rainforests in the Malay Archipelago before the Pleistocene. The dipterocarp fossils include winged Shorea fruits, at least two species of plicate Dipterocarpus leaves, and very common Dryobalanops leaves. We attribute additional leaf taxa to Rhamnaceae (Ziziphus), Melastomataceae, and Araceae (Rhaphidophora), all rare or new fossil records for the region. The dipterocarp leaf dominance contrasts sharply with the family’s <1% representation in the palynofloras from the same strata. This result directly demonstrates that dipterocarp pollen is prone to strong taphonomic filtering and underscores the importance of macrofossils for quantifying the timing of the dipterocarps’ rise to dominance in the region. Our work shows that complex coastal rainforests dominated by dipterocarps, adjacent to swamps and mangroves and otherwise similar to modern ecosystems, have existed in Borneo for at least 4–5 million years. Our findings add historical impetus for the conservation of these gravely imperiled and extremely biodiverse ecosystems.

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“…Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) is the third-largest genus in the family of Dipterocarpaceae (Ashton 1982;Newman et al 1999;Khan et al 2020). The geographical distribution of Keruing is scattered in several areas in Southeast Asia, including China, western Sri Lanka, Burma, Indochina, southern China, Thailand, Indonesia to the west of part of Malesia (Kartawinata 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floristic composition and diversity at Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) habitat in Tangkahan, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia

Susilowati

Rachmat²,

Elfiati

et al. 2021

Biodiversitas

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Abstract. Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Elfiati D, Hidayat A, Hadi AN, Zaitunah A, Nainggolan D, Ginting IM. 2021. Floristic composition and diversity at Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) habitat in Tangkahan, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4448-4456. Dipterocarpus spp., or locally known as Keruing, is a wood-producing tree and has high economic value. Keruing also produces derivative products in oil and oleoresin, which are widely used as raw materials for medicines and perfumes. Keruing natural population has been severely declining caused by habitat alteration and also over exploitation. Therefore, information on the composition and diversity of the floristic community at their habitat is important as an initial step in designing conservation actions. This study aims to determine the floristic composition and diversity at the keruing habitat in the Tangkahan area, Gunung Leuser National Park (Gunung Leuser NP). A line transect has been used to establish a purposive sampling in particular forest areas where the population of the keruing is known to grow naturally. Four line transects, each with five nested plots, totaling 110 plots, were established to gather data at four growth stages. The results found 47 species at the seedling stage, 43 species at the sapling stage, 48 species at the pole stage and 65 species at the tree stage. There were three species of keruing in the research location, namely Dipterocarpus haseltii, Dipterocarpus costulatus and Dipterocarpus elongatus Korth with low IVI values ??at each stage. D. haseltii was only found at the seedling, pole and tree stage with IVI values ??of 0.32, 0.30, and 6.90, respectively. D. costulatus was only found at the tree level with an IVI value of 3.43, while D. elongatus found at the sapling and tree stage with an IVI of 0.30 and 3.42, respectively. The diversity index in the research location was in the medium category at the seedling, sapling, and pole levels with a value of 2.96, 2.86, and 2.92, respectively and was classified as high at the tree level with a value of 3.18. The evenness index (E') in all growth stages is high or evenly distributed with the value of E' > 0.75. The species diversity in research location classified into medium-high category although in each stage showing dynamic on species domination. Disturbed habitat due to illegal logging and land conversion caused a problem on keruing regeneration. Conservation efforts, including active monitoring keruing occurrence, ex-situ conservation, and artificial regeneration, are needed to avoid keruing from extinction.

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Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) leaves from the K-Pg of India: a Cretaceous Gondwana presence of the Dipterocarpaceae

Cited by 18 publications

References 64 publications

Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange

Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange

First fossil-leaf floras from Brunei Darussalam show dipterocarp dominance in Borneo by the Pliocene

Floristic composition and diversity at Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) habitat in Tangkahan, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia

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