Diploid-Tetraploid Periclinal Chimeras as Bud Variants in Citrus

Frost, Howard B.; Krug, C. A.

doi:10.1093/genetics/27.6.619

Cited by 40 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In this study, total DNA was extracted from whole intact leaves, since the epidermis of the leaf came from L1 and the mesophyll came from L2 and L3 (Frost and Krug, 1942;Tilney-Bassett, 1986). However, the fruits of HH were divided…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimerism Evaluation of ‘Hongrou Huyou’, a Grafted Chimera between Citrus changshan-huyou and Citrus unshiu

Zhang¹,

Zhang²,

Wu³

et al. 2020

HST

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Chimeras occur spontaneously or artificially and are valuable in horticultural crop breeding. A new diploid citrus chimera, named 'Hongrou Huyou' (abbreviated HH) (Citrus changshan-huyou + C. unshiu), was found during a bud sports investigation in China. The morphology, flesh carotenoid content, and molecular markers were evaluated in HH and the two grafted donors. The results showed that characteristics derived from L2/L3, such as the fruit size, winged leaf, seed, pollen, and rind aroma, were similar to those of C. changshan-huyou (CH), whereas the juice sac and stomatal characteristics originating from L1 were the same as those of the satsuma mandarin. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of carotenes from the flesh of HH showed that the content was the same as that of the satsuma mandarin, with β-cryptoxanthin producing the main carotenoid spectrum, whereas lutein and violaxanthin were the main carotenoids in CH. Nuclear simple sequence repeat, chloroplast simple sequence repeat, and mitochondrial simple sequence repeat analyses showed that the leaves, outer pericarp (epidermis and flavedo), segment wall, and juice sac of HH contained the nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes of both donors; however, the albedo of HH only contained the genetic material of CH. Thus, HH is confirmed to be a periclinal chimera that consists of L1 from C. unshiu and L2/L3 from CH.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimerism Evaluation of ‘Hongrou Huyou’, a Grafted Chimera between Citrus changshan-huyou and Citrus unshiu

Zhang¹,

Zhang²,

Wu³

et al. 2020

HST

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“…Similar results were reported by Yahata et al (2005), who reported that there was no difference in stomata size among doubled haploid and cytochimeras (1 x ‐2 x and 2 x ‐4 x ). According to Frost and Krug (1942), in plant leaves, the first germ layer is responsible for the formation of the epidermis and the second germ layer is associated with the formation of the internal leaf tissues such as the procambium and the vascular tissue. Thus, those cytochimera having octoploid guard cells might be associated with the octoploid level of layer I (Dermen and Bain, 1944; Thao et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis and Identification of Octoploids Generated from Tetraploid Prairie Cordgrass

2016

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Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) is a warm season (C4) perennial grass that could be a potential candidate for studying polyploidization and its effects on environmental adaptability. Polyploidy plays an important role in prairie cordgrass's adaptation and distribution on different ecoregions in the North American Prairie. However, the genetic backgrounds of polyploidy prairie cordgrass distributed in the different edaphic regions are different. Thus, to extend our knowledge of the effect of polyploidy on environmental adaptation, it is necessary to have diverse ploidy levels of plants with a similar genetic background. Tetraploid prairie cordgrass, IL‐102 (2n = 4x = 40), was used as explant material to generate octoploids. Germinated seeds were treated with 0.00, 0.03, 0.06, 0.1, and 1% colchicine or 0.000, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005, and 0.007% oryzalin solution with 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 6, 12, or 24 h. Ploidy levels of treated seedlings were determined by flow cytometric analysis and their putative ploidy were confirmed by the chromosome count. Our results show that stable octoploid plants (2n = 8x = 80) were obtained directly by treating with antimitotic agents or by propagating cytochimeric plants. Induced octoploid plants showed increased genome size and stomata size compared with tetraploid plants. By obtaining different cytotypes in the same genetic background, sole effects of ploidy variations on agronomic traits can be determined.

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“…Tree architecture, in turn, depends upon many anatomical and physiological factors including the arrangement and organization of the apical and axillary meristems. In addition, plant meristems are stratified structures generally consisting of three different cell layers, as those found in citrus (Frost & Krug, 1942), giving rise to separate tissues. These layers may accumulate mutations independently generating clonally diverse cell lineages that form chimeric organs with distinct proportions of the mutated alleles, a circumstance that may hamper the determination of mutations rates.…”

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confidence: 99%

Single‐nucleotide mosaicism in citrus: Estimations of somatic mutation rates and total number of variants

et al. 2021

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Most of the hundreds of citrus varieties are derived from spontaneous mutations. We characterized the dynamics of single‐nucleotide mosaicism in a 36‐yr‐old clementine (Citrus ×clementina hort. ex Tanaka) tree, a commercial citrus whose vegetative behavior is known in detail. Whole‐genome sequencing identified 73 reliable somatic mutations, 48% of which were transitions from G/C to A/T, suggesting ultraviolet (UV) exposure as mutagen. The mutations accumulated in sectorized areas of the tree in a nested hierarchy determined by the branching pattern, although some variants detected in the basal parts were also found in the new growth and were fixed in some branches and leaves of much younger age. The estimate of mutation rates in our tree was 4.4 × 10−10 bp−1 yr−1, a rate in the range reported in other perennials. Assuming a perfect configuration and taking advantage of previous counts on the number of total leaves of typical clementine trees, these mutation determinations allowed to estimate for the first time the total number of variants present in a standard adult tree (1,500–5,000) and the somatic mutations generated in a typical leaf flush (0.92–1.19). From an evolutionary standpoint, the sectoral distribution of somatic mutations and the habit of periodic foliar renewal of long‐lived plants appear to increase genetic heterogeneity and, therefore, the adaptive role of somatic mutations reducing the mutational load and providing fitness benefits.

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Diploid-Tetraploid Periclinal Chimeras as Bud Variants in Citrus

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Chimerism Evaluation of ‘Hongrou Huyou’, a Grafted Chimera between Citrus changshan-huyou and Citrus unshiu

Chimerism Evaluation of ‘Hongrou Huyou’, a Grafted Chimera between Citrus changshan-huyou and Citrus unshiu

Genesis and Identification of Octoploids Generated from Tetraploid Prairie Cordgrass

Single‐nucleotide mosaicism in citrus: Estimations of somatic mutation rates and total number of variants

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