Dioxins and furans formation in pilot incineration tests of sewage sludge spiked with organic chlorine

Influence of organic and inorganic flocculants on the formation of PCDD/Fs during sewage sludge incineration

“…Previous studies have concluded that aluminum compound, such as AlCl 3 and Al 2 O 3 , was an important metal catalyst for PCDD/Fs formation (Chang and Chung 1998;Lu et al 2007). Moreover, high amount of chlorine content in the sludge would provide more chlorine source for PCDD/Fs formation (Addink et al 1998;Gullett et al 2000;Mininni 2004;Åmand and Kassman 2013). However, whether aluminum ion or chlorine is the main factor to influence the formation of PCDD/Fs needs a further study.…”

“…3), except for S4, which indicated that N/Cl molar ratio might be a perfect measure of PCCD/F formation potential in the high-temperature homogeneous synthesis pathway (Gullett et al 2000) when total chlorine was adequate. The homologue profiles of PCDD/F were mainly distributed in high-chlorinated PCDFs, especially HxCDF and HpCDF (Mininni et al 2004), accounting for more than 63 % (Fig. 4a).…”

“…Some flocculants contain chlorine source, especially catalytic metals, which may affect the formation of PCDD/Fs during incineration (Gullett et al 2000;Kuzuhara et al 2003;Mininni 2004;Lu et al 2007;Åmand and Kassman 2013). However, there has been to our knowledge no study on the influence of flocculants on the formation of PCDD/Fs in sewage sludge incineration.…”

Fly Ash Pollutants, Treatment and Recycling

“…The nature of these compounds has only partly been elucidated, but it is evident that FA can contain persistent hazardous organic compounds, also called persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyl's (PCB), methyl sulphates, and chlorinated dioxins and benzofurans (Fiedler 2003;Johansson and Van Bavel 2003a, b;Kim et al 2003;Mininni et al 2004;Schmid et al 2000;Tame et al 2003;Van Gerven et al 2004;Wheatley and Sadhra 2004). The organic compounds identified in FA extracts include polar mutagenic organic chemicals (Yoshino and Urano 1998).…”

Emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs, PAHs and PCBs during the combustion of sludge-coal water slurry

“…In addition, the combustion of municipal waste also releases these organic pollutants [21]. The combustion of sewage sludge as a special municipal refuse will release PAHs [22], PCDD/Fs [23], PCBs [24,25] and other organic pollutants [26]. The combustion of sewage sludge alone is difficult due to its high water content [27].…”