Dioxinlike Properties of a Trichloroethylene Combustion-Generated Aerosol

Villalobos, S. Alex; Anderson, Michael J.; Denison, Michael S.; Hinton, David E.; Tullis, Kathryn; Kennedy, Ian M.; Jones, A. D.; Chang, Dan; Yang, Gosu; Kelly, Peter

doi:10.2307/3433219

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The score for lethality was set to 0.5 units greater than a severe‐case scenario of abnormalities, such as microphthalmia, no swim bladder inflation, severe pericardial edema, and moderate spinal curvature (a score of 11). Mortality and embryonic characterization of sublethal end‐points was done as described in Villalobos et al [16]. The scoring system was based on modifications from Weis and Weis [27], Middaugh et al [28], and Sharp [29] and was used only for postinjection monitoring of embryonic/early larval development.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include changes in gallbladder coloration, swim bladder inflation, and larval performance (loss of equilibrium, mobility, and weakness). For a glossary of terms used to describe lesions, see discussions in Sharp [29] and Villalobos et al [16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) are small teleost fishes that are frequently used as adults and/or ELS in aquatic toxicity studies [15,16] and were deemed suitable for the relatively new egg injection assay. Their early life and adult stages are well characterized [17,18], and quantitative consistency of reproduction can be achieved under special conditions of diet, temperature, and photoperiod [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic responses of medaka, D‐rR strain, to polychlorinatednaphthalene mixtures after embryonic exposure by in ovo nanoinjection: A partial life‐cycle assessment

Villalobos

Papoulias

Meadows

et al. 2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are organic compounds with some chemical properties and uses similar to polychlo‐rinated biphenyls. Polychlorinated naphthalenes have been detected in biota from certain aquatic environments. The toxicities of several PCN technical mixtures (Halowax) to medaka (Oryzias latipes) were determined by use of an embryo nanoinjection method. Medaka eggs (early gastrula) were injected with 0.5 nl of triolein (vehicle control) or 0.5 nl of four to five graded doses (0.3–30 ng/egg) of Halowax 1014, Halowax 1013, or Halowax 1051 in triolein. Following exposure, embryos developed, and fry were reared to sexual maturity (4 months), at which time they were euthanized. Responses were evaluated as early life stage (ELS) and early adult life stage (EALS) assessments. For ELS, lethality and sublethal alterations in embryos and larvae (<16 d old), such as craniofacial, cardiovascular, and myoskeletal deformities and abnormal or delayed hatch, were monitored for the first 9 d, and a dose severity index was computed. The EALS assessment examined the survival of 16‐d‐old larvae until early adulthood (123 ± 3 d old), including gonadosomatic index (GSI) and morphometry. Halowax 1014 was found to be the most toxic mixture (LD50 4.2 ng/egg), whereas Halowax 1013 and 1051 were significantly less toxic (LD50s could not be determined). The gonadosomatic index of females was significantly less in fish dosed with Halowax 1014 or 1051. The LD50 for medaka embryos nanoinjected with 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) is about 0.75 pg/egg. Thus, Halowax 1014 was 5,585‐fold less potent than TCDD. For Halowax 1014, ELS assessments accurately predicted the results of EALS assessments.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic responses of medaka, D‐rR strain, to polychlorinatednaphthalene mixtures after embryonic exposure by in ovo nanoinjection: A partial life‐cycle assessment

Villalobos

Papoulias

Meadows

et al. 2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…In addition, penta-to heptachlorinated congeners of PCDD/F are detected only in the experiments with captafol. We also note that TriCE forms solely in the oxidation of captafol and the incomplete combustion of TriCE has been reported as a potential pathway for the production of PCDD/F [32,33]. Thus, it appears likely that it is the presence of TriCE from the decomposition of captafol that promotes the formation of higher yields of PCDD/F in general, and the appearance of penta to hepta chlorinated PCDD/F, in particular.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Toxicants Formed in Fires of Captafol Pesticide

Chen¹,

Wojtalewicz²,

Mackie³

et al. 2011

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 10th International Sym

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This study presents an investigation into the gas phase thermal decomposition of captafol, a sulfenimide fungicide which consists of a thiotetrachloroethyl (-SCCl 2 CHCl 2 ) group bonded to a tetrahydrophthalimide (C 6 H 8 (CO) 2 N-) moiety. The experiments were performed on a bench type apparatus, under conditions representing both under and well-ventilated non-flaming fires. The analyses of gaseous species relied on Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and micro gas chromatography (µGC), resulting in the identification and quantification of 11 gaseous products; among them, phosgene, thiophosgene and hydrogen cyanide. Gas chromatography -quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QMS) was employed to analyse the condensed products and volatile organic compounds (VOC), while a GC equipped with an ion trap mass spectrometer (GC-ITMS) was used to quantify polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F). The GC-QMS analysis determined several VOC toxicants; viz., trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, benzonitrile and chlorinated benzenes. At higher temperature (600 °C), the oxidation of captafol led to the formation of mono-to hepta-CDD/F congeners including the most toxic 2,3,7,8-TCDD. In addition, the experimental results were compared to those of the other two sulfenimide fungicides, captan and folpet, both of which contain the thiotrichloromethyl (-SCCl 3 ) moiety rather than the thiotetrachloroethyl group of captafol. It appears that the thiotetrachloroethyl group in captafol is responsible for the difference in the toxic pollutants formed, particularly influencing the distribution and yields of PCDD/F congeners. Combined with quantum chemical calculations, the results presented in this article provide an insightful understanding of fire chemistry of the sulfenimide fungicides, especially the pathways to the formation of major toxicants during the oxidative thermal decomposition of captafol.

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“…Vehicle and reconstituted water controls were included for each exposure scenario (22). The oxygen supply in a 2-mL static bath exposure is sufficient for embryos to complete normal development (23,24). We inspected embryos for mortality and developmental deformities at 24 ± 2 hr intervals using a dissecting scope.…”

Section: Chemicals Compounds Listed Inmentioning

confidence: 99%