Dioxin levels in the breast milk and estradiol and androgen levels in the saliva of Vietnamese primiparae

Nhu, Dang Duc; Kido, Teruhiko; Hưng, Nguyễn Ngọc; Thom, Le Thi; Naganuma, Rie; Son, Le Ke; Honma, Sato; Maruzeni, Shoko; Nishijo, Muneko; Nakagawa, Hideaki

doi:10.1080/02772248.2011.552226

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…This is the first time that the level of salivary DHEA in a hot-spot has been found to be higher than that in a non-exposed area. The fact that this was not seen in previous studies [22,23] could be due to the lower number of participants studied therein. DHEA is an inactive precursor steroid, which is secreted in large amounts by the adrenal gland in humans then converted into potent androgens and/or estrogens in peripheral tissues.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

“…Previous studies [22,23] of a subgroup of primiparae from a hot-spot and a non-exposed area found that the level of salivary cortisol and cortisone were higher in the hot-spot than the non-exposed area in Vietnam. In this study, the number of subjects was increased in order to confirm the effects of dioxin exposure on steroid hormone levels in Vietnamese primiparae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between dioxins and salivary steroid hormones in Vietnamese primiparae

Manh

Kido

Okamoto

et al. 2012

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objective Nearly 40 years after Agent Orange was last sprayed, we conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the impact of dioxin exposure on salivary hormones in Vietnamese primiparae. Our previous studies found higher levels of salivary cortisol and cortisone in one of the most highly dioxin-contaminated areas, known as a ''hot-spot'', than in a non-exposed area. As a result, we suggested that further research with a larger number of participants would be needed to confirm whether dioxin affects steroid hormone levels in Vietnamese primiparae. Methods The concentration of steroid hormones in saliva was determined by liquid chromatography (electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry), whereas the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in breast milk were determined by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, for a sample of the population from a ''hot-spot'' (n = 16) and a non-exposed area (n = 10). All subjects were aged between 20 and 30 years and had children aged between 4 and 16 weeks. Results The mean toxic equivalence of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCDDs ? PCDFs in breast milk in the hot-spot area was found to be significantly higher than in the nonexposed area (p \ 0.001). Likewise, salivary cortisol, cortisone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were significantly higher in the hotspot area than in the nonexposed area (p \ 0.05). As a result, herein we report, for the first time, that salivary DHEA levels in primiparae are higher in a hot-spot than in a non-exposed area, and that this may be the result of dioxin exposure. Conclusions Our findings highlight the long-term effects of Agent Orange/dioxin on steroid hormones in Vietnamese primiparae in the post-war period.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between dioxins and salivary steroid hormones in Vietnamese primiparae

Manh

Kido

Okamoto

et al. 2012

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…Furthermore, serum cortisol and cortisone levels were also significantly higher in women from the dioxin hot spot (P!0.001 and P!0.01 respectively). We have recently carried out a similar study on salivary steroid hormone levels in primiparae in a dioxin hot spot (15,16,17). In the present study on lactating women (first, second, or third child), which included a larger number of subjects (nZ109), significantly higher serum and salivary cortisol and cortisone levels were found in lactating women from the dioxin hot spot (Tables 2 and 3; P!0.001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Our previous study had shown that the mean salivary E 2 or A-dione levels did not differ significantly between the dioxin hot spot and nonexposed area, although the curve between salivary E 2 or A-dione levels and dioxin levels was U-shaped in primiparae (16). In the Seveso study, men aged 22-31 years had reduced concentrations of sperm and serum E 2 , but increased concentrations of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), 22 years after exposure.…”

Section: European Journal Of Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been a few scientific studies concerning the effect of dioxin exposure on human sex steroid hormones in Seveso residents and chemical industry workers (13,14). Recently, in an epidemiological study, we have demonstrated that salivary cortisol, cortisone, estradiol (E 2 ), and androstenedione (A-dione) levels in primiparae are related to dioxin concentrations in their breast milk (15,16,17).…”

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High cortisol and cortisone levels are associated with breast milk dioxin concentrations in Vietnamese women

Kido

Dao²,

Manh³

et al. 2014

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Dioxin (polychlorinated dibenzodioxinsCpolychlorinated dibenzofurans) is one of the most toxic chemical substances known. Although it is suspected to cause endocrine disruption, very few epidemiological studies have been carried out on its effects on human steroid hormones. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of dioxin exposure with steroid hormone levels in the saliva and serum of Vietnamese women. Study design: Two areas, namely Phu Cat (hot spot) and Kim Bang (nonexposed area), were selected for the study. The study subjects consisted of 51 and 58 women respectively. Saliva, blood, and breast milk samples were collected from the subjects in both the areas. Methods: Cortisol, cortisone, DHEA, androstenedione, estrone, and estradiol levels in serum and saliva were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; dioxin concentrations in breast milk were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Dioxin concentrations in the breast milk of women from the dioxin hot spot were three to four times higher than those in the breast milk of women from the nonexposed area. Good correlations were found between the levels of six steroid hormones in saliva and those in serum respectively. Salivary and serum cortisol and cortisone levels in women from the dioxin hot spot were significantly higher than those in women from the nonexposed area (P!0.001) and those in all the subjects were positively associated with dioxin concentrations in Vietnamese women (P!0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that dioxin influences steroidogenesis in humans. Saliva samples can be used for hormone analysis and are therefore excellent specimens in epidemiological studies.

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Agent Orange Exposure and 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐Dioxin (TCDD) in Human Milk

Watkins¹,

Ginevan²

2015

Birth Defects Research Pt B

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Agent Orange was sprayed in parts of southern Vietnam during the U.S.-Vietnam war and was a mixture of two chlorophenoxy herbicides. The mixture was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). TCDD and other dioxins and furans are measurable in the milk of Vietnamese women. We explored whether the TCDD in milk from these women was from Agent Orange and whether lactational exposure can be a mode of transgenerational effects of TCDD from Agent Orange. A review of the world's literature on milk concentrations of polychlorinated compounds showed the presence of TCDD and other dioxins and furans in all countries that have been assessed. The congener profile of these chemicals, that is, the proportion of different congeners in the sample, can be used to assess the source of milk contamination. Measurements in most countries, including contemporary measurements in Vietnam, are consistent with non-Agent Orange exposure sources, including industrial activities and incineration of waste. Models and supporting human data suggest that TCDD from breastfeeding does not persist in a child past adolescence and that the adult body burden of TCDD is independent of whether the individual was breast- or bottle-fed as a child. These findings suggest that exposure to Agent Orange in Vietnam did not result in persistent transgenerational exposure through human milk.

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Dioxin levels in the breast milk and estradiol and androgen levels in the saliva of Vietnamese primiparae

Cited by 11 publications

References 52 publications

The relationship between dioxins and salivary steroid hormones in Vietnamese primiparae

The relationship between dioxins and salivary steroid hormones in Vietnamese primiparae

High cortisol and cortisone levels are associated with breast milk dioxin concentrations in Vietnamese women

Agent Orange Exposure and 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐Dioxin (TCDD) in Human Milk

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