Dioxin concentration in milk and tissues of cows and sheep related to feed and soil contamination

Schulz, Ann Johanna; Wiesmüller, Thomas; Appuhn, H.; Stehr, D.; Severin, Kevin; Landmann, D.; Kamphues, Josef

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00547.x

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It has been previously reported that samples from grazing animals showed high dioxin levels if coming from contaminated soil intake (Schultz et al, 2005). One sample from the "Caprine" group was removed for this analysis because of an extreme total dioxin value of 302.9 pg TEQ WHO98 /g.…”

Section: Dioxin Levels In Specific Food Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of the monitoring of dioxin levels in food and feed

2010

EFS2

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Environmentally persistent dioxins and dioxin-like compounds include 29 congeners of dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) with similar toxic effects, their quantification commonly expressed as toxic equivalent units according to their varying potency. While the amount of those compounds in the environment has declined since the late 1970s, there is a continued concern because of their accumulation in the food chain, particularly in animal fat. In 2002 the European Commission prescribed a list of actions to further reduce the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs and later introduced action and maximum levels with random monitoring by Member States. A total of 7,270 samples collected in the period 1999-2008 from 19 Member States, Norway and Iceland were analysed in detail. Dioxin and furan congeners comprised between 30% and 74% of the total concentrations depending on food or feed group, while mono-ortho PCBs comprised between 15% and 45% of the dioxin-like PCBs. The highest mean levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food expressed on fat basis were observed for "liver and products thereof from terrestrial animals" and on whole weight basis for "fish liver and products thereof". In feed the highest levels were found in "fish oil". An overall 8% of the samples exceeded different maximum levels and a further 4% exceeded some action levels. However, some of these samples clearly originated from targeted sampling during specific contamination incidences and there were large variations between groups. Changing the basis for calculating toxic equivalent units to the new recommendations issued by WHO in 2005 will overall result in 14% lower values with the extent of the difference highly variable across food and feed groups. To ensure accurate assessments of the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, continuous random testing of a sufficient number of samples in each food and feed group is recommended. KEY WORDS Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, toxicity equivalency factors, toxic equivalents, food, feed.

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Section: Dioxin Levels In Specific Food Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of the monitoring of dioxin levels in food and feed

2010

EFS2

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“…However, to estimate the potential impact of consumption of contaminated liver, a separate model was created. Monitoring data collected in Ireland show that levels of dioxins and PCBs in liver are generally higher than in carcass fat and there is evidence of sequestration in the liver during high exposure (Thorpe et al 2001;Hoogenboom et al 2004;Schulz et al 2005;Spitaler et al 2005;Marchand et al 2010). This higher accumulation of contamination in the liver has been observed in experimental studies in pig, cattle and sheep, with levels of dioxins between two and 10 times higher being reported.…”

Section: Additional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additional exposure of the Irish adult population to dioxins and PCBs from the diet as a consequence of the 2008 Irish dioxin food contamination incident

Tlustos

Anderson

Flynn

et al. 2014

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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In 2008, the discovery of elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs in a porcine fat sample taken as part of the national residues monitoring programme led to the detection of a major feed contamination incidence in the Republic of Ireland. To estimate additional exposure to dioxins and PCBs due to the contamination incident, all data associated with the contamination incident were collected and reviewed. An exposure model was devised that took into account the proportion of contaminated product reaching the final consumer during the contamination incident window and which utilised all additional information that became available after the incident occurred. Exposure estimates derived for both dioxins and PCBs showed that the body burden of the general population remained largely unaffected by the contamination incident and only approximately 10% were exposed to elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs. Whilst this proportion of the population experienced quite a significant additional load to the existing body burden, the estimated exposure values do not suggest that these would be associated with adverse health effects, based on current knowledge. The exposure period was also limited in time to approximately 3 months, following the recall of contaminated meat immediately on detection of the contamination.

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“…Based on the dioxin concentrations (measured as WHO-TEQ) in tissues of sheep related to feed contamination reported by Schulz et al (2005), and assuming that liver contains 5 % lipids, an accumulation ratio of approximately 2 can be calculated for the liver. .1 and 38.5, respectively, whereas in meat these values were 2.6, 5.5, 5.2, 12.6, 33.7 and 37.4, respectively.…”

Section: Transfer and Accumulation Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No quantitative data specifically describing the absorption of dioxins and DL-PCBs in sheep following oral exposure were identified. However, the presence of dioxins or PCBs in tissues or milk of animals exposed through diet (Hansen et al, 1977;Jan et al, 1999;Schulz et al, 2005;Berg et al, 2010;Bruns-Weller et al, 2010) gives indirect evidence that gastro-intestinal absorption occurred to a significant extent. The toxicokinetics of [ 14 C]-TCDD following a single oral administration (approximately 0.5 mg per animal) was investigated in lactating goats by Grova et al (2002).…”

Section: Previously Reported Literature Data On Dietary Intake Of Diomentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk to public health related to the presence of high levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in liver from sheep and deer

2011

EFS2

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EFSA was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on the risk to public health related to the presence of high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in liver from sheep and deer. The opinion should also explore possible reasons for these high findings. Moreover, EFSA was asked whether dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels for liver should better be expressed on fresh weight rather than on a fat basis. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) evaluated dioxin and PCB results from 332 sheep liver, 175 sheep meat and 9 deer liver samples submitted by eight European countries and estimated the exposure through consumption of sheep liver for adults (consumers only) and children. Regular consumption of sheep liver would result on average in an approximate 20 % increase of the median background exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) for adults. On individual occasions, consumption of sheep liver could result in high intakes exceeding the tolerable weekly intake (TWI). The CONTAM Panel concluded that the frequent consumption of sheep liver, particularly by women of child-bearing age and children, may be a potential health concern. Additional intake of non dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs) from consumption of sheep liver does not add substantially to the total dietary intake. The range of fat content in sheep liver is considerably narrower than for a number of other food categories regulated in Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006. Therefore, the CONTAM Panel sees no need to change the basis for expression of results and maximum levels solely for liver from fat weight to fresh weight basis. A lower activity of CYP1A enzymes in sheep than in cattle was identified as a possible reason for higher dioxin and DL-PCB levels in sheep liver. Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in liver from sheep and deer EFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2297 2 © European Food SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risk to public health related to the presence of high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in liver from sheep and deer. The opinion should also explore possible reasons for the findings of high levels of dioxins and PCBs in liver from sheep and deer. Finally, the question was raised whether dioxin and PCB levels for liver, as for fish, should better be expressed on a fresh weight basis rather than on a fat basis.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are two groups of tricyclic planar compounds that often are together referred to as "dioxins". Unless otherwise stated, in this opinion the term "dioxins" refers to PCDDs and PCDFs together. Dependent on the number of chlorine atoms (1-8) and their positions in the rings, 75 PCDDs and 135 PCDFs, termed "congeners", can occur. Dioxins are poorly soluble in water but highly soluble in lipids. Due to their lipophilic properties they accumulate in the food chain and a...

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Dioxin concentration in milk and tissues of cows and sheep related to feed and soil contamination

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

Results of the monitoring of dioxin levels in food and feed

Results of the monitoring of dioxin levels in food and feed

Additional exposure of the Irish adult population to dioxins and PCBs from the diet as a consequence of the 2008 Irish dioxin food contamination incident

Scientific Opinion on the risk to public health related to the presence of high levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in liver from sheep and deer

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