“…All-solid-state neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet Nd:YAG lasers pumped by laser diodes (LDs) have been studied extensively for various applications, including material processing [1], nonlinear optics [2,3], lidars [4], the military domain [5,6], and medical surgery [7] due to their inherent advantages of a high output power, good beam quality, and high stability. The internal parameters of a laser, especially the small-signal gain, internal optical losses, and saturation parameter, and the optimization of a laser's output coupler are essential to the production, maintenance, and design of Nd:YAG laser systems.…”