Dinoflagellate Bloom of Karenia mikimotoi along the Southeast Arabian Sea, Bordering Western India

Abstract

A harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurred along the southeast Arabian Sea, bordering Western India, during September to November 2004. This bloom was unique in the region in terms of its large spatial extent, and the trend was weakened towards November. Mass mortality of fish, emanation of noxious odour, and respiratory problems among the children on the coastal stretch were noticed. The phytoplankton speciesGymnodiniium, class Dinophyceae bloom accounted for 98% of the standing crop. The bloomKarenia mikimotoishowed a maximum density of19.37×104 cells L−1and18.94×104 cells L−1at nearshore and offshore, respectively. The remotely sensed chlorophylla(Chla) data from seaWiFS, sea surface temperature (SST) from advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), rainfall from tropical rainfall measuring Mission (TRMM), and Sea winds from QuickSCAT reflected the bloom due toKarenia mikimotoi, suggesting the advection process at the coastal waters. The release of toxins specifically the neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP) from the bloom was assessed by chemical and mouse bioassay of the extract from musselPerna indica, showing negative results. These indicate that asphyxiation and abnormal mucus secreted by theK. mikimotoiled to clogging of gills that accentuated the mass fish kills.

The First Occurrence of Red Tide Caused by Karenia sp. in the Atlantic Moroccan Coast (Oualidia Lagoon)

“…coincided with an increase of orthophosphate. This obtained result is an agreement with the study of Robin, et al [25], where they explain that explosive growth of Karenia mikimotoi in the water of Southeast Arabian Sea is due to sudden increase in supply of nutrients, especially PO 4 3-. On the other hand, this latter conditioned negatively the presence of Karenia stelliformis, which prefers and proliferates in waters rich in nitrate [26].…”

A simple method for algal species discrimination in East China Sea, using multiple satellite imagery

“…In addition, P. donghaiense was found to possess a relatively wide salinity tolerance, while K. mikimotoi is sensitive to high salinity due to the lack of a cell wall (Zhou et al 2003;Aoki et al 2017). In most cases, the K. mikimotoi blooms aggregate in low-turbidity and lowsalinity conditions (Robin et al 2013;Barnes et al 2015;Aoki et al 2017), while P. donghaiense blooms could survive in more turbid water because of its high competition coefficient under low light intensity (Xu et al 2010). Thus, the non-algal particles in the P. donghaiense blooms could also be attributed to its higher backscatter signal in bloom conditions.…”

Dinoflagellates: Ecological Approaches and Spatial Distributions in Malaysia Waters

“…It is rational to the mixing fact mentioned earlier where blooming was intensified under calm water. A three months blooming of Karenia mikimotoi at the southwest coast of India had caused fish mortalities and the salinity of water recorded during the outbreak was more than 33 ppt [26]. A laboratory culture of Cochlodinium polykrikoides from Japan isolates grew best at salinity range between 30 to 35 ppt which corresponds to the in situ condition [27].…”