Dinge

Maas, Julia

doi:10.1007/978-3-476-04595-9_38

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is possible to determine the masses using non-perturbative methods, and has been done so using lattice simulations [106,161,205,255,259,277,278] and functional methods [279,280], in a fixed gauge. This is essentially done as in Yang-Mills theory or QCD alone [96].…”

Section: Masses and The Nielsen Identitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brout–Englert–Higgs physics: From foundations to phenomenology

Maas

2019

Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

107

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Brout-Englert Higgs physics is one of the most central and successful parts of the standard model. It is also part of a multitude of beyond-the-standard-model scenarios.The aim of this review is to describe the field-theoretical foundations of Brout-Englert-Higgs physics, and to show how the usual phenomenology arises from it. This requires to give a precise and gauge-invariant meaning to the underlying physics. This is complicated by the fact that concepts like the Higgs vacuum expectation value or the separation between confinement and the Brout-Englert-Higgs effect loose their meaning beyond perturbation theory. This is addressed by carefully constructing the corresponding theory space and the quantum phase diagram of theories with elementary Higgs fields and gauge interactions.The physical spectrum needs then to be also given in terms of gauge-invariant, i. e. composite, states. Using gauge-invariant perturbation theory, as developed by Fröhlich, Morchio, and Strocchi, it is possible to rederive conventional perturbation theory in this framework. This derivation explicitly shows why the description of the standard model in terms of the unphysical, gaugedependent, elementary states of the Higgs and W -bosons and Z-boson, but also of the elementary fermions, is adequate and successful.These are unavoidable consequences of the field theory underlying the standard model, from which the usual picture emerges. The validity of this emergence can only be tested non-perturbatively. Such tests, in particular using lattice gauge theory, will be reviewed as well. They fully confirm the underlying mechanisms.In this course it will be seen that the structure of the standard model is very special, and qualitative changes occur beyond it. The extension beyond the standard model will therefore also be reviewed. Particular attention will be given to structural differences arising for phenomenology. Again, non-perturbative tests of these results will be reviewed.Finally, to make this review self-contained a brief discussion of issues like the triviality and hierarchy problem, and how they fit into a fundamental field-theoretical formulation, is included. If there is no gauge-invariant way of defining the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs, the whole standard procedure [14] of doing BEH physics seems to collapse on itself at first. This seems to question the whole basis of the current theoretical description of experiments, despite its huge success [10]. But it does not. Rather, it can be shown that a treatment taking the gauge-dependence into account will lead to, essentially, the same results for the standard model.How this works out is exactly the core of this review: The construction of a fully gauge-invariant description of this physics, and how the standard phenomenology follows from it. This starts in section 3. There, a gauge-invariant description of the theory (3) will be set up. This is the first step of developing a comprehensive, field-theoretical consistent view on BEH physics. This view is continued by establis...

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Section: Masses and The Nielsen Identitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brout–Englert–Higgs physics: From foundations to phenomenology

Maas

2019

Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

107

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“…This variation reflects ongoing uncertainty about whether these infants should be treated in the same way as those infants born at a later gestation (that is, with full enteral feeds from birth), or more similarly to extremely preterm or ELBW infants (that is, delayed introduction and gradual advancement of milk feeds while supporting nutritional needs with parenteral nutrition). In many high-income countries, policy and practice has tended to favour the conservative approach to introducing and advancing enteral feeds for these infants because of concerns that early full enteral feeding might increase the risk of feed intolerance, gastro-oesophageal reflux and aspiration of stomach contents, hypoglycaemia, and NEC in very preterm or VLBW infants (Maas 2018;Klingenberg 2012;Leaf 2013;de Waard 2018). However, in low-and middle-income countries with fewer resources for neonatal care, practice is more pragmatic and tends to favour early introduction and advancement of enteral feeds (sometimes facilitated by "kangaroo" mother care) for stable infants born at 28 weeks' gestation or greater, or with a birth weight of 1000 g or more (Sankar 2008;Conde-Agudelo 2016).…”

Section: Early Enteral Feeding Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants

Walsh

Brown

Copperthwaite

et al. 2020

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:We aim to assess the benefits and harms of early full enteral nutrition versus progressive introduction of enteral feeds in preterm or low birth weight (LBW) infants.Where data are available, we will undertake subgroup analyses of very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (versus infants born a er a longer gestation or with higher birth weight), infants who are 'small for gestational age' at birth (versus those deemed 'appropriate for gestation'), infants fed with human milk only (versus formula-fed infants), and trials set in low-or middle-income countries (versus high-income countries). Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants (Protocol)

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Dinge

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Brout–Englert–Higgs physics: From foundations to phenomenology

Brout–Englert–Higgs physics: From foundations to phenomenology

Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants

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