Dimethylnitrosamine; its Hepatotoxic Effect in Sheep and its Occurrence in Toxic Batches of Herring Meal

Sakshaug, J.; Søgnen, Erling; Hansen, M. Aas; Koppang, N.

doi:10.1038/2061261b0

Cited by 93 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Nitrate and nitrite have been used for curing meat for centuries, and remain the most effective method to reduce bacterial growth and kill botulinum spores. Major concern emerged in the 1960s , with the demonstration of carcinogenic dimethylnitrosamine formation (known to disrupt nucleic acids in the rat and cause liver tumours ) from sodium nitrite . However, chronic feeding of nitrite to rats, even when diethylamine was given at the same time, did not induce tumours .…”

Section: Vascular Effects Of Dietary Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate‐nitrite‐nitric oxide pathway

Lidder

Webb

2013

Brit J Clinical Pharma

293

250

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The discovery that dietary (inorganic) nitrate has important vascular effects came from the relatively recent realization of the 'nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide (NO) pathway' . Dietary nitrate has been demonstrated to have a range of beneficial vascular effects, including reducing blood pressure, inhibiting platelet aggregation, preserving or improving endothelial dysfunction, enhancing exercise performance in healthy individuals and patients with peripheral arterial disease. Pre-clinical studies with nitrate or nitrite also show the potential to protect against ischaemia-reperfusion injury and reduce arterial stiffness, inflammation and intimal thickness. However, there is a need for good evidence for hard endpoints beyond epidemiological studies. Whilst these suggest reduction in cardiovascular risk with diets high in nitrate-rich vegetables (such as a Mediterranean diet), others have suggested possible small positive and negative associations with dietary nitrate and cancer, but these remain unproven. Interactions with other nutrients, such as vitamin C, polyphenols and fatty acids may enhance or inhibit these effects. In order to provide simple guidance on nitrate intake from different vegetables, we have developed the Nitrate 'Veg- Table' with 'Nitrate Units' [each unit being 1 mmol of nitrate (62 mg)] to achieve a nitrate intake that is likely to be sufficient to derive benefit, but also to minimize the risk of potential side effects from excessive ingestion, given the current available evidence. The lack of data concerning the long term effects of dietary nitrate is a limitation, and this will need to be addressed in future trials.

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Section: Vascular Effects Of Dietary Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate‐nitrite‐nitric oxide pathway

Lidder

Webb

2013

Brit J Clinical Pharma

293

250

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…THE FIRST REPORTED incident involving a nitrosamine in a foodstuff was associated with a fish-derived product. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a potent liver carcinogen in animals, was identified in nitrite-preserved herring meal as the cause of liver damage in mink and later sheep (Ender et al, 1964;Sakshaug et al, 1965). Since that time, low concentrations of NDMA have been found in fresh, processed (smoked, nitrite and nitrate treated) and salted and dried fish (Hotchkiss, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N‐Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Cooked Frankfurters Containing Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Mince and Surimi

Fiddler

Pensabene

Gates

et al. 1992

Journal of Food Science

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Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of using Alaska pollock mince as a partial substitute for red meats in the formulation of frankfurters. Studies included the effects of fish form (unwashed and washed mince and surimi), percentage substitution (15 and 50) and five different methods of cooking the fish-meat franks on their N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) content. The amount of formed NDMA depended on the method of cooking. Broiling and frying generated the highest levels. Microwave and boiling generated the lowest levels of NDMA, which were equivalent to the level in uncooked franks. Broiling was observed to increase the amount of dimethyland trimethylamine formed.

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“…Studies in rats, conducted in the 1960s, demonstrated that the nitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, produced liver carcinoma . A number of distinct N‐nitrosoamine species have been tested and tumors have been induced in 39 species which belong to 36 genera, 25 families, 17 orders, and five class of animals , indicating that these compounds show no species selectivity in terms of their carcinogenicity.…”

Section: Concerns Regarding No2−/no3− Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

A ‘green’ diet‐based approach to cardiovascular health? Is inorganic nitrate the answer?

Rathod

Velmurugan

Ahluwalia

2015

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Ingestion of fruit and vegetables rich in inorganic nitrate (NO(3)(-)) has emerged as an effective method for acutely elevating vascular nitric oxide (NO) levels through formation of an NO(2)(-) intermediate. As such a number of beneficial effects of NO(3)(-) and NO(2)(-) ingestion have been demonstrated including reductions in blood pressure, measures of arterial stiffness and platelet activity. The pathway for NO generation from such dietary interventions involves the activity of facultative oral microflora that facilitate the reduction of inorganic NO(3)(-), ingested in the diet, to inorganic NO(2)(-). This NO(2)(-) then eventually enters the circulation where, through the activity of one or more of a range of distinct NO(2)(-) reductases, it is chemically reduced to NO. This pathway provides an alternative route for in vivo NO generation that could be utilized for therapeutic benefit in those cardiovascular disease states where reduced bioavailable NO is thought to contribute to pathogenesis. Indeed, the cardiovascular benefits of NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) are now starting to be translated in patients in several clinical trials. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting the potential utility of delivery of NO(3)(-) or NO(2)(-) for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

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Dimethylnitrosamine; its Hepatotoxic Effect in Sheep and its Occurrence in Toxic Batches of Herring Meal

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate‐nitrite‐nitric oxide pathway

Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate‐nitrite‐nitric oxide pathway

N‐Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Cooked Frankfurters Containing Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Mince and Surimi

A ‘green’ diet‐based approach to cardiovascular health? Is inorganic nitrate the answer?

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