Dimerization of Terminal Arylalkynes in Aqueous Medium by Ruthenium and Acid Promoted (RAP) Catalysis: Acetate‐ Assisted (sp)C(sp²)C Bond Formation

Abstract

The hexamethylbenzene ruthenium(II) dimer [{RuCl(μ‐Cl)(η6‐C6Me6)}]2 (5 mol%), tested among a series of ruthenium(II) and ruthenium(IV) complexes, represents an efficient precatalyst source for the dimerization of terminal arylalkynes ArCCH [Ar=C6H5, 3,4,5‐(OMe)3C6H2, 4‐MeOC6H4, 2‐MeOC6H4, 4‐MeC6H4, 2,4,5‐Me3C6H2, 4‐BrC6H4, 4‐ClC6H4, 4‐FC6H4, 4‐HC(O)C6H4, 4‐CH2CHC6H4, 3‐NCC6H4, 4‐O2NC6H4, 4‐EtO2C‐(CH2)3OC6H4, 4‐HO(CH2CH2O)3C6H4, 3‐HO(CH2CH2O)3‐C6H4] in acetic acid/water mixture (1:1, v/v). The reactions proceed for 24 h at room temperature under heterogeneous conditions and afford the dimeric enyne derivatives (E)‐ArCHCHCCAr in high yields and stereoselectivity. The preformed acetato complex [RuCl(η6‐C6Me6)(κ2‐OAc)] catalyzes the dimerization of phenylacetylene under analogous conditions, with rapid substrate conversion. The presence of cosolvents of acetic acid different from water reduces dramatically the efficiency and selectivity of the reaction. The aqueous medium facilitates the activation stage of the precatalyst by assisting the splitting of the ruthenium dimer. The addition or generation in situ of acetate salts results in shorter reactions times (0.5–3 h) and excellent yields, due to the rapid formation of active acetato complexes. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the π‐bound alkyne molecule is activated by intramolecular proton abstraction. This is currently the most efficient, E‐selective and wide‐scope catalytic system for the alkyne dimerization reaction in protic aqueous media.

Catalytic transformation of phenylacetylene mediated by phosphine-free ruthenium alkylidene complexes

“…However, considering selectivity toward cyclotrimerization, B was considerably worse compared to A. Although we did not further explore the reasons for this behavior, it is possible that the presence of trifluoroacetate ligands enhances the efficiency of the dimerization process [46].…”

Transition metal-catalyzed couplings of alkynes to 1,3-enynes: modern methods and synthetic applications

“…25 The process proved most effective in acetic acid-water solvent mixtures, and reactivity was increased further by the addition of sodium acetate. These results suggested that the formation of an active alkynylruthenium species might have resulted from carboxylate-assisted deprotonation of a metal-coordinated terminal alkyne.…”

Base-Controlled Directed Synthesis of Metal–Methyleneimidazoline (MIz) and Metal–Mesoionic Carbene (MIC) Compounds

“…A plethora of stoichiometric and catalytic C–H functionalization reactions have been proposed to operate via a simultaneous metalation and intramolecular deprotonation pathway, usually referred to as a concerted metalation–deprotonation (CMD) mechanism . To understand the role of the acetate for selective C 5 -metalation, we undertook a computational study.…”