Dimensions of the LSD, methylphenidate and chlordiazepoxide experiences

Ditman, Keith S.; Moss, Thelma; Forgy, Edward W.; Zunin, Leonard M.; Lynch, Robert D.; Funk, Wayne A.

doi:10.1007/bf00401528

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…One of the first surveys (Ditman et al, 1969) to explore paranormal experiences with psychedelics randomly gave 99 alcoholics receiving treatment one of the following three drugs: LSD (the only psychedelic of the three), methylphenidate (a dopaminergic stimulant, also known as Ritalin), or chlordiazepoxide (the first benzodiazepine, a sedative/hypnotic). Those taking LSD reported significantly more of the paranormal-type phenomena, having more experiences of transcending time and of having an OBE supporting findings with the AEI that dopaminergic stimulants (i.e., cocaine) are not conducive to paranormal beliefs.…”

Section: International Journal Of Transpersonal Studies 121 Psychoactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An inspection of the SPR files led Whiteman (1956) to summarize that approximately a third of "separation" (OBE) cases were initiated by physical conditions, including drugs, although which drugs are not specified. Drug type is clearly of relevance, however, as a study experimentally comparing LSD with Ritalin and benzodiazepine experiences also found that LSD induced a significantly greater degree of OBEs (Ditman et al, 1969). Since the 1950s and 1960s several OBE surveys have incorporated questions relating to drug use.…”

Section: Surveys and Out-of-body Experiences (Obes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review

Luke

2012

IJTS

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This paper investigates the relationship between psychoactive substances and so-called paranormal phenomena falling within the study of parapsychology. It is primarily concerned with extrasensory perception (ESP)-telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance-as well as out-of-body experiences (OBEs) and near-death experiences (NDEs). Psychokinesis (PK), aura vision, encounter experiences, and sleep paralysis only make a very limited contribution to this review as they are seldom related to psychoactive drugs within the parapsychological literature. The paper borrows widely, but by no means exhaustively, from parapsychology as well as transpersonal studies, anthropology, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, and neurobiology, particularly neurochemistry. It is organized into neurochemical models of paranormal experience (section 1), field reports of intentional and spontaneous phenomena incorporating anthropological, historical and clinical cases, and personal accounts (section 2), surveys of paranormal belief and experience (section 3), experimental research (section 4), and a methodological critique of the experimental research with recommendations for further work (section 5).

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Section: International Journal Of Transpersonal Studies 121 Psychoactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surveys and Out-of-body Experiences (Obes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review

Luke

2012

IJTS

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“…The set and setting hypothesis basically holds that the effects of psychedelic drugs are dependent first and foremost upon set (personality, preparation, expectation, and intention of the person having the experience) and setting (the physical, social, and cultural environment in which the experience takes place) (Hartogsohn, 2015). While the concept of set and setting was born out of psychedelic research, and though it seems to be of special applicability in that domain, it has also been proven useful for researchers who have studied the effects of various stimulants, depressants, and antipsychotics such as alcohol, heroin, methylphenidate (Ritalin), methamphetamine, cocaine, and crack cocaine (Cohen, 1990;Ditman et al, 1969;Dwyer and Moore, 2013;Hart, 2013;Zinberg, 1984). In actuality, current research suggests that nonpharmacological effects are responsible for a major part, if not a majority, of therapeutic benefits in a variety of accepted drug treatments (Brown, 2012;Kirsch and Sapirstein, 1998;Moerman, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting

Hartogsohn

2017

Drug Science, Policy and Law

247

240

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Set and setting is a term which refers to the psychological, social, and cultural parameters which shape the response to psychedelic drugs. The concept is considered fundamental to psychedelic research and has also been used to describe nonpharmacological factors which shape the effects of other agents such as alcohol, heroin, amphetamines, or cocaine. This paper reviews the history and evolution of the concept of set and setting from the 19th-century Parisian Club des Hashischins, through to 1950s psychotomimetic research on nondrug determinants of psychopharmacology, the use of extra-drug techniques by psychedelic therapists of the 1950s, and the invention of the concept of set and setting by Leary. Later developments and expansions on the concept of set and setting are discussed, and the term of collective set and setting is suggested as a theoretical tool to describe the social forces which shape individual set and setting situations. The concept of set and setting, it is argued, is crucial not only for psychedelic research but also for advancing drug research and developing more effective drug policy.

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“…In normals and psychoneurotics, a single intravenous administration of these drugs, while producing mild euphoria, cathartic reactions, and increased communications, rarely produces psychosis activation.1411·12 In contrast, amphetamine-like drugs,4·8-10 administered in high doses, do produce a paranoid psychosis in subjects without a history of previous psychotic ill- ness.8·9 Horn and Snyder have hypothesized that brain dopamine may have a role in the cause of schizophrenia.13 Ferris et al14 found that methylphenidate differentially releases more dopamine than norepinephrine from synaptosomes prepared from rat brain striatum, while d-extroamphetamine releases similar amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine. Thus, if methylphenidate does cause partially remitted schizophrenics to revert to the extremes Accepted for publication Oct 11,1972. From the departments of psychiatry and pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Tennessee Neuropsychiatric Institute, Nashville, Tenn. Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn 37203 (Dr. Janowsky).…”

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confidence: 99%