Dimensions of the Foot Muscles in the Lowland Gorilla

Oishi, Motoharu; Ogihara, Naomichi; Endo, Hideki; Komiya, Teruyuki; Kawada, Shin-ichiro; Tomiyama, Tae; Sugiura, Yosuke; Ichihara, Nobutsune; Asari, Masao

doi:10.1292/jvms.71.821

Cited by 11 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The data of four chimpanzees (C1, C3, C4, and C5), one gorilla (G1), and two orangutans (O4 and O5) were taken from our previous studies (Oishi et al. , ), but the rest of the data were newly obtained by dissecting additional specimens, as presented in Table . The bonobo is the property of the Japan Monkey Centre (Aichi, Japan).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specimens listed in Table were dissected and muscle dimensions were determined as described in our previous reports (Oishi et al. ,b, ). During dissection, the muscles shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For multivariate analyses, we added data obtained from new dissections to our previously published data on intrinsic foot muscles (Oishi et al. , ). Data from human foot muscles were taken from published accounts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

et al. 2018

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Comparative analysis of the foot muscle architecture among extant great apes is important for understanding the evolution of the human foot and, hence, human habitual bipedal walking. However, to our knowledge, there is no previous report of a quantitative comparison of hominoid intrinsic foot muscle dimensions. In the present study, we quantitatively compared muscle dimensions of the hominoid foot by means of multivariate analysis. The foot muscle mass and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of five chimpanzees, one bonobo, two gorillas, and six orangutans were obtained by our own dissections, and those of humans were taken from published accounts. The muscle mass and PCSA were respectively divided by the total mass and total PCSA of the intrinsic muscles of the entire foot for normalization. Variations in muscle architecture among human and extant great apes were quantified based on principal component analysis. Our results demonstrated that the muscle architecture of the orangutan was the most distinctive, having a larger first dorsal interosseous muscle and smaller abductor hallucis brevis muscle. On the other hand, the gorilla was found to be unique in having a larger abductor digiti minimi muscle. Humans were distinguished from extant great apes by a larger quadratus plantae muscle. The chimpanzee and the bonobo appeared to have very similar muscle architecture, with an intermediate position between the human and the orangutan. These differences (or similarities) in architecture of the intrinsic foot muscles among humans and great apes correspond well to the differences in phylogeny, positional behavior, and locomotion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specimens listed in Table were dissected and muscle dimensions were determined as described in our previous reports (Oishi et al. ,b, ). During dissection, the muscles shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

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“…For non-masticatory muscles, data for muscle physiological crosssectional areas (PCSA) among primates are limited. As this study focuses on articulations at the talocrural and subtalar joints, we have compiled PCSA data for extrinsic muscles of the foot from several sources (Thorpe et al 1999;Carlson, 2006;Payne et al 2006;Channon et al 2009;Oishi et al 2009Oishi et al , 2012Myatt et al 2011). Together, these studies report PCSA for extrinsic muscles of the foot for five gorillas (Gorilla sp.…”

Section: Physiological Cross-sectional Area Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have expanded on the dataset provided by Myatt et al (2011) and include hindlimb muscle PCSA from several additional sources (Carlson, 2006;Channon et al 2009;Oishi et al 2009Oishi et al , 2012. Regression results are presented in Appendix S3.…”

Section: Pcsa Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific scaling patterns of talar articular surfaces within primates and their closest living relatives

Yapuncich

Boyer

2013

Journal of Anatomy

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The articular facets of interosseous joints must transmit forces while maintaining relatively low stresses. To prevent overloading, joints that transmit higher forces should therefore have larger facet areas. The relative contributions of body mass and muscle-induced forces to joint stress are unclear, but generate opposing hypotheses. If mass-induced forces dominate, facet area should scale with positive allometry to body mass. Alternatively, muscle-induced forces should cause facets to scale isometrically with body mass. Within primates, both scaling patterns have been reported for articular surfaces of the femoral and humeral heads, but more distal elements are less well studied. Additionally, examination of complex articular surfaces has largely been limited to linear measurements, so that 'true area' remains poorly assessed. To re-assess these scaling relationships, we examine the relationship between body size and articular surface areas of the talus. Area measurements were taken from microCT scan-generated surfaces of all talar facets from a comprehensive sample of extant euarchontan taxa (primates, treeshrews, and colugos). Log-transformed data were regressed on literature-derived log-body mass using reduced major axis and phylogenetic least squares regressions. We examine the scaling patterns of muscle mass and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) to body mass, as these relationships may complicate each model. Finally, we examine the scaling pattern of hindlimb muscle PCSA to talar articular surface area, a direct test of the effect of mass-induced forces on joint surfaces. Among most groups, there is an overall trend toward positive allometry for articular surfaces. The ectal (= posterior calcaneal) facet scales with positive allometry among all groups except 'sundatherians', strepsirrhines, galagids, and lorisids. The medial tibial facet scales isometrically among all groups except lemuroids. Scaling coefficients are not correlated with sample size, clade inclusivity or behavioral diversity of the sample. Muscle mass scales with slight positive allometry to body mass, and PCSA scales at isometry to body mass. PCSA generally scales with negative allometry to articular surface area, which indicates joint surfaces increase faster than muscles' ability to generate force. We suggest a synthetic model to explain the complex patterns observed for talar articular surface area scaling: whether 'muscles or mass' drive articular facet scaling is probably dependent on the body size range of the sample and the biological role of the facet. The relationship between 'muscle vs. mass' dominance is likely bone-and facet-specific, meaning that some facets should respond primarily to stresses induced by larger body mass, whereas others primarily reflect muscle forces.

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Medial metatarsal rigidity in extant non‐human catarrhine primates

Patel

2023

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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ObjectivesThis study quantifies hallucal metatarsal (Mt1) and second metatarsal (Mt2) polar second moment of areas (J) in hominoids and cercopithecoids to address three questions. Which catarrhines have more rigid Mt1s versus Mt2s? Is asymmetry in medial metatarsal rigidity (e.g., Mt1 > Mt2) different among taxa? Does asymmetry in medial metatarsal rigidity correlate with relative intrinsic hallucal muscle mass across species.Materials and MethodsJ was calculated from CT images in 345 specimens and compared between groups: Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, hylobatids, cercopithecines, and colobines. Differences between the Mt1 and Mt2 within groups were assessed using paired t tests. Log10‐transformed Mt1:Mt2 J ratios were used to assess asymmetry in rigidity and inter‐group comparisons were made. Additionally, correlations were performed between species means of log10‐transformed Mt1:Mt2 J ratios and species means of relative intrinsic hallucal muscle mass.ResultsAfrican ape and hylobatid Mt1s are significantly more rigid than their Mt2s. Rigidity in medial metatarsals are more variable in Pongo, but most individuals have stronger Mt2s. Greatest variation is observed in cercopithecoids, with some species having consistently stronger Mt1s or Mt2s, but the majority show no bias for either. Log10‐transformed Mt1:Mt2 J ratios are significantly correlated with relative intrinsic hallucal muscle mass; taxa with more rigid Mt1s have more developed muscle.DiscussionDifferences between metatarsals in rigidity do not correlate with previously documented regional differences in peak plantar pressure during weight support. Rather, asymmetry in metatarsal rigidity, specifically Mt1 > Mt2, reflect adaptations of larger intrinsic hallucal musculature capable of producing greater hallucal grasping force.

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Dimensions of the Foot Muscles in the Lowland Gorilla

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

Interspecific scaling patterns of talar articular surfaces within primates and their closest living relatives

Medial metatarsal rigidity in extant non‐human catarrhine primates

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