Dimensions of positive regard and empathy.

Zimmer, Jules M.; Anderson, Susan C.

doi:10.1037/h0026233

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…retical orientation and technin"pg of-thA counselor are at best subordinate and perhaps insignificant variables. Zimmer and Park (1967), Zimmer and Anderson (1968), and Zimmer, Wightman, and McArthur (1970) have identified 31 counselor process variables (types of counselor responses). The purpose of this study is two-fold: (a) to attempt to recast 31 variables into a smaller number nf fartqrs which would more parsimoniously describe important dimensions of counselor behavior and (b) to compare the counseling styles of Perls by assigning derived factor scores to random samples of their responses.…”

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confidence: 99%

A descriptive and comparative study of dimensions of counselor response.

Zimmer¹,

Pepyne²

1971

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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Factor analysis identified and described six important dimensions of counselor behavior. Comparisons of the behavior of three expert counselors on each of the six dimensions revealed significant differences. Differences among counselors' manifest style of intervention were shown to be directly related to their respective theoretical orientations. Previous assumptions that theoretical orientation and style of intervention are nonsignificant variables among "well experienced counselors" were rejected.

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A descriptive and comparative study of dimensions of counselor response.

Zimmer¹,

Pepyne²

1971

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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“…Today, the researcher's empathy is a process rather than an internal state or condition. It has also been associated with the counselor's choice of words (Zimmer & Anderson 1968), galvanic skin response (Stotland & Dunn 1963), and nonverbal gestures (Tepper & Haase 1978).…”

Section: Empathy Definedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Empathy

Hackney¹

1978

The Personnel and Guidance Journal

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Therapeutic empathy has been an oflen-used construct by counseling professionals. Through that usage, the term has evolved in meaning and significance from its original presentation by Carl Rogers. This article traces that evolution by identifying its users and contributors over the past 20 years. These include counselor-practitioners, counselor educators, researchers, and increasingly, the public. The resulting changes have implications for future research directions, counselor training, and the pmctice of counseling.Counselors have lived with the clientcentered conception of empathy for more than 20 years. It was in 1957 that Carl Rogers first presented this popularized definition of a therapeutic construct. Like most well-used constructs, empathy has grown in meaning through these 20 years of usage and study. As with most concepts, we need to examine these changes periodically to understand their professional implications. What is empathy today? How much have we gained in our understanding of the construct? How has empathy affected professional practice, and how has professional practice affected it? The purpose of this article is to trace the evolution of empathy, beginning with its historical antecedents, and including recent definitions from research and practice.

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“…The widely used Truax scale might be adapted for rating single counselor responses (cf. Truax, 1966); however, this scale has been faulted on numerous grounds, including inadequate specification of the empathy construct in terms of specific counselor behaviors (Cochrane, 1974;Wenegrat, 1974;Zimmer & Anderson, 1968). A further problem with the Truax scale is its multidimensionality-that is, the scale seems to be measuring more than one thing (Lambert et al, 1978;Zimmer & Anderson, 1968).…”

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“…Unfortunately, the research literature leaves open the question of how these various possible aspects of empathy might be related. Existing factor analytic research on expressed empathy (Wenegrat, 1974;Zimmer & Anderson, 1968) has not addressed the question of relations among empathy components or their underlying factors. In addition, previous factor analytic work on client-received empathy (e.g., Walker & Little, 1969) is not particularly relevant, because it does not involve description of specific behavioral cues.…”

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Measuring response empathy: The development of a multicomponent rating scale.

Elliott

1982

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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This article describes the development of and psychometric data on a new approach to the measurement of the empathic quality of counselor behavior. The features of this approach are, first, the division of the empathy construct into a set of components tapping different aspects of empathic behavior; second, greater specification of the construct; and third, focus on the empathic qualities of individual counselor responses. An existing measure, the Lister Empathy Scale, provided the basis for the Response Empathy Rating Scale, which consists of eight components: frame, inference, accuracy, here and now, centrality, words, voice, manner, and impact. Good interrater reliability was found for the whole scale, as well as for all but two of the components. Centrality was the "core" component, and factor analysis suggested two underlying factors, Depth Expressiveness and Empathic Exploration. Evidence for validity was found in correlations with client ratings of feeling understood; however, these correlations were strongest when ratings were averaged to form larger units, such as episodes or sessions. Empathy is probably the most widely cited and studied process variable in the counseling and psychotherapy literature. However, the history of empathy research is plagued with definitional and methodological controversy (e.g.

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Dimensions of positive regard and empathy.

Cited by 31 publications

References 9 publications

A descriptive and comparative study of dimensions of counselor response.

A descriptive and comparative study of dimensions of counselor response.

The Evolution of Empathy

Measuring response empathy: The development of a multicomponent rating scale.

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