Dimensions of immunologic memory

Homann, Dirk; Kedl, Ross M.

doi:10.1111/imr.12658

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 17 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…Soon after an initial exposure and during the acute phase of an infection, IgM antibodies along with other immune system components dominate the response. Later IgG antibodies that retain memory of the exposure are produced and these immunoglobulins rapidly expand in the event of a secondary infection as part of what has been described as the anamnestic response (16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visitors to a Tropical Marine Beach Show Evidence of Immunoconversions to Multiple Waterborne Pathogens

Simmons

Eason

Curioso

et al. 2019

Front. Public Health

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Determining infections from environmental exposures, particularly from waterborne pathogens is a challenging proposition. The study design must be rigorous and account for numerous factors including study population selection, sample collection, storage, and processing, as well as data processing and analysis. These challenges are magnified when it is suspected that individuals may potentially be infected by multiple pathogens at the same time. Previous work demonstrated the effectiveness of a salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay in detecting the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to multiple waterborne pathogens and helped identify asymptomatic norovirus infections in visitors to Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico. In this study, we applied the immunoassay to three serially collected samples from study participants within the same population to assess immunoconversions (incident infections) to six waterborne pathogens: Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, Toxoplasma gondii , hepatitis A virus, and noroviruses GI. I and GII.4. Further, we examined the impact of sampling on the detection of immunoconversions by comparing the traditional immunoconversion definition based on two samples to criteria developed to capture trends in three sequential samples collected from study participants. The expansion to three samples makes it possible to capture the IgG antibody responses within the survey population to more accurately assess the frequency of immunoconversions to target pathogens. Based on the criteria developed, results showed that when only two samples from each participant were used in the analysis, 25.9% of the beachgoers immunoconverted to at least one pathogen; however, the addition of the third sample reduced immunoconversions to 6.5%. Of these incident infections, the highest levels were to noroviruses followed by T. gondii . Moreover, many individuals displayed evidence of immunoconversions to multiple pathogens. This study suggests that detection of simultaneous infections is possible, with far reaching consequences for the population. The results may lead to further studies to understand the complex interactions that occur within the body as the immune system attempts to ward off these infections. Such an approach is critical to our understanding of medically important synergistic or antagonistic interactions and may provide valuable and critical information to public health officials, water treatment personnel, and environmental managers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visitors to a Tropical Marine Beach Show Evidence of Immunoconversions to Multiple Waterborne Pathogens

Simmons

Eason

Curioso

et al. 2019

Front. Public Health

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The Immune Priming in Aquaculture Invertebrates: Inspiration From Cellular Perspective and Future Investigation

Wang,

Song

2024

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquatic invertebrates account for more than 33.4% of global aquaculture production and are important aquaculture animals worldwide. Although the frequent outbreaks of diseases and the lack of disease prevention strategies have greatly hindered further development of the invertebrate aquaculture industry. Immune priming is a phenomenon that invertebrates mount a faster and stronger secondary response than that of the primary response when encountered with a given microbe. It has been demonstrated to be present in a wide range of aquaculture species and would provide a fresh idea for disease prevention. As the main executors of immune defense in invertebrates, the circulating hemocytes are short‐lived, and the solution for the paradox of keeping a long‐lasting immune protection might lie in the formation of long‐lived memory cells in immune priming. As a reference for the access of memory cell formation processes in aquaculture invertebrates, the cellular kinetics including expansion, contraction, and memory formation of lymphocytes in the adaptive immunity of vertebrates are discussed. Then the features of hemocytes in aquaculture invertebrates, and their kinetic changes of cell number and immune capacity during immune priming are summarized for the knowledge of a stronger secondary immune response. The regulatory roles of epigenetic modification and metabolic reprogramming in immune priming and their possible functions in memory cell formation and identification are proposed to be preferentially investigated for further clarifying the mechanism of immune priming, which might provide a novel entrance for understanding the mechanisms of immune priming and developing disease prevention strategy in aquaculture invertebrates.

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Dimensions of immunologic memory

Cited by 2 publications

References 17 publications

Visitors to a Tropical Marine Beach Show Evidence of Immunoconversions to Multiple Waterborne Pathogens

Visitors to a Tropical Marine Beach Show Evidence of Immunoconversions to Multiple Waterborne Pathogens

The Immune Priming in Aquaculture Invertebrates: Inspiration From Cellular Perspective and Future Investigation

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