Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees

Oishi, Motoharu; Ogihara, Naomichi; Endo, Hideki; Ichihara, Nobutsune; Asari, Masao

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01125.x

Cited by 43 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Although this seems a reasonable conclusion, the absence of such interspecific differences in our study highlights the importance of interindividual/intraspecific variation. Further, it underlines the need to continue increasing the dataset of ape muscle architecture to give a better appraisal of this variation, as the small sample sizes in both the present study and Oishi et al.’s (2009) have yielded different conclusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

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Functional adaptations in the forelimb muscles of non‐human great apes

et al. 2011

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The maximum capability of a muscle can be estimated from simple measurements of muscle architecture such as muscle belly mass, fascicle length and physiological cross-sectional area. While the hindlimb anatomy of the non-human apes has been studied in some detail, a comparative study of the forelimb architecture across a number of species has never been undertaken. Here we present data from chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and an orangutan to ascertain if, and where, there are functional differences relating to their different locomotor repertoires and habitat usage. We employed a combination of analyses including allometric scaling and ANCOVAs to explore the data, as the sample size was relatively small and heterogeneous (specimens of different sizes, ages and sex). Overall, subject to possible unidentified, confounding factors such as age effects, it appears that the non-human great apes in this sample (the largest assembled to date) do not vary greatly across different muscle architecture parameters, even though they perform different locomotor behaviours at different frequencies. Therefore, it currently appears that the time spent performing a particular behaviour does not necessarily impose a dominating selective influence on the soft-tissue portion of the musculoskeletal system; rather, the overall consistency of muscle architectural properties both between and within the Asian and African apes strengthens the case for the hypothesis of a possible ancient shared evolutionary origin for orthogrady under compressive and ⁄ or suspensory loading in the great apes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…2004). Oishi et al. (2009) observed that their orangutan specimens had longer fascicles and smaller PCSAs in their digital flexors compared with chimpanzees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Functional adaptations in the forelimb muscles of non‐human great apes

et al. 2011

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“…The specimens listed in Table were dissected and muscle dimensions were determined as described in our previous reports (Oishi et al. ,b, ). During dissection, the muscles shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

et al. 2018

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Comparative analysis of the foot muscle architecture among extant great apes is important for understanding the evolution of the human foot and, hence, human habitual bipedal walking. However, to our knowledge, there is no previous report of a quantitative comparison of hominoid intrinsic foot muscle dimensions. In the present study, we quantitatively compared muscle dimensions of the hominoid foot by means of multivariate analysis. The foot muscle mass and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of five chimpanzees, one bonobo, two gorillas, and six orangutans were obtained by our own dissections, and those of humans were taken from published accounts. The muscle mass and PCSA were respectively divided by the total mass and total PCSA of the intrinsic muscles of the entire foot for normalization. Variations in muscle architecture among human and extant great apes were quantified based on principal component analysis. Our results demonstrated that the muscle architecture of the orangutan was the most distinctive, having a larger first dorsal interosseous muscle and smaller abductor hallucis brevis muscle. On the other hand, the gorilla was found to be unique in having a larger abductor digiti minimi muscle. Humans were distinguished from extant great apes by a larger quadratus plantae muscle. The chimpanzee and the bonobo appeared to have very similar muscle architecture, with an intermediate position between the human and the orangutan. These differences (or similarities) in architecture of the intrinsic foot muscles among humans and great apes correspond well to the differences in phylogeny, positional behavior, and locomotion.

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“…Other approaches to gorilla and orangutan anatomy have addressed function with quantitative information by focusing on one component, for example skeletal proportions (e.g., Schultz, 1930Schultz, , 1937Schultz, , 1956); biomechanics of scapula or limbs (e.g., Miller, 1932;Oxnard, 1967;Roberts, 1974;Taylor, 1997), regional muscle and limb weights and inertial properties (e.g., Preuschoft, 1961Preuschoft, , 1963Payne et al, 2006a, b;Isler et al, 2006;Oishi et al, 2008Oishi et al, , 2009). On live captive gorillas and orangutans, direct measures of muscle function or joint motion derive from electromyography during specific limb movements (e.g., Basmajian, 1974a, b, 1978;Tuttle et al, 1975;Stern and Susman, 1981;Tuttle et al, 1983) and from cinematography of climbing modes (e.g., Isler and Thorpe, 2003;Isler, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Zihlman

McFarland

Underwood

2011

The Anatomical Record

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Great apes diversified during the Miocene in Old World forests. Two lineages, gorillas in Africa and orangutans in Asia, have sexual dimorphisms of super-sized males, though they presumably diverged from a smaller common ancestor. We test the hypothesis that they increased in body mass independently and convergently, and that their many postcranial differences reflect locomotor differences. Whole body dissections of five adult male gorillas and four adult male orangutans allowed quantification of body mass distribution to limb segments, of body composition (muscle, bone, skin, and fat relative to total body mass), and of muscle distribution and proportions. Results demonstrate that gorilla forelimb anatomy accommodates shoulder joint mobility for vertical climbing and reaching while maintaining joint stability during quadrupedal locomotion. The heavily muscled hind limbs are equipped for propulsion and weight-bearing over relatively stable substrates on the forest floor. In contrast, orangutan forelimb length, muscle mass, and joint construction are modified for strength and mobility in climbing, bridging, and traveling over flexible supports through the forest canopy. Muscles of hip, knee, and ankle joints provide rotational and prehensile strength essential for moving on unstable and discontinuous branches. We conclude that anatomical similarities are due to common ancestry and that differences in postcranial anatomy reflect powerful selection for divergent locomotor adaptations. These data further support the evolutionary conclusion that gorillas fall with chimpanzees and humans as part of the African hominoid radiation; orangutans are a specialized outlier. Anat Rec, 294:1842Rec, 294: -1855Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees

Cited by 43 publications

References 42 publications

Functional adaptations in the forelimb muscles of non‐human great apes

Functional adaptations in the forelimb muscles of non‐human great apes

Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

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