Dimensional analysis and experimental study of gas penetration depth model for submerged side-blown equipment

Ma, Ji; Zhou, Ping; Cheng, Wei; Song, Yanpo; Shi, Pengyu

doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.01.017

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This formula agreed well with experimental data from various research studies (Iguchi et al 1993;Kulkarni and Joshi 2005;Ma et al 2016). Based on equation ( 1), the Fr' and ρ g 0.5 ρ l −0.5 Re are two important dimensionless numbers influencing the penetration depth, both of which are related to the gas flow rate.…”

Section: Experimental Studiessupporting

confidence: 85%

“…At a relatively high gas flow rate, the penetration depth became lower and the recirculation loop generated in the corner of the bath tended to move closer to the sidewall opposite the injection point. Ma et al (Ma et al 2016) empirically predicted the relation between the penetration depth (H p ) and relevant operating parameters of the side blow as:…”

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies

Song

Jokilaakso

2020

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review

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Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved, resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on experimental and computational modeling approaches are reviewed in this paper, focusing on adjustable variables and flow details, for a thorough understanding of the complex flow phenomena of the high-temperature reactors used. Results from water models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations indicate that the transport phenomena in different reactors should be analyzed separately, as flow behavior exhibits significant differences in different gas injecting regimes and furnace structures. Mixing behavior and further optimization for most furnaces are presented in this review, showing a considerable degree of agreement between experiments and computational simulations. In general, a deeper nozzle or tuyere level with a higher gas flow rate are factors in the majority of copper bath smelting and converting cases. However, the dynamic parameters cannot be infinitely increased, but should be maintained within an appropriate range to provide relatively high mixing efficiency while preventing refractory corrosion due to splashing. Research on detailed flow phenomena including bubbles and surface waves is relatively scarce. It is suggested that the most efficient reaction areas for furnaces in jetting and bubbling regimes are totally different, due to the differences in bubble behavior. Concerning the bath surface, the behavior of transversal standing waves and longitudinal waves has been preliminarily revealed using water models, suggesting that standing waves tend to disappear in particular ranges of bath height and gas flow rate.

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Section: Experimental Studiessupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies

Song

Jokilaakso

2020

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review

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“…Metallurgical furnace can be classified into bottom-blown furnace, side-blown furnace, top-blown furnace, and combined-blown furnace according to the installation location of jet nozzle. Side-blown furnace is extensively applied in the smelting of nonferrous metals such as lead and copper [4] . Side-blown gas flow is injected into sideblown furnace through the lance, strongly stirring the molten bath and enhancing the heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reaction process in side-blown furnace.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many studies on macro-instability in stirred vessel [9][10][11] , while the macro-instability in side-blown furnace have not been reported before. The present research mainly focuses on the penetration depth [4] , the formation and distribution of bubbles [12][13][14] , behaviors of jet flow [15][16][17] and emulsification phenomena [18] . The side-blown furnace actually is also a typical stirred system, the molten bath in the side-blown furnace is strongly stirred by the high-speed gas jet flow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic experiment on macro-instability in the lead smelting side-blown furnace

Wang,

Wen,

Xing

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Macro-instability phenomenon in side-blown furnace was first reported in this paper, and the occurrence conditions, influencing factors and rules, eliminating measures were studied and analyzed by hydraulic experiment. The results show that the occurrence of macro-instability in side-blown furnace needs to meet certain conditions, which is mainly related to the liquid level above the jet nozzle, the number and arrangement of jet nozzles. However, the frequency macro-instability is irrelevant the nozzle height, liquid level, air flow and the nozzle diameter, the number and arrangement of jet nozzles, and the frequency of this model is 1.2Hz.The macro-instability phenomenon in side-blown furnace can be avoided or eliminated by adoption certain measures which can be used as the reference for side-blown furnace design and operation.

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“…al. [ 22 ] used the Buckingham pi theorem to develop a new dimensionless formation for the penetration depth based on the modified Froude number combined with the Reynolds number. From the work by Ma et al, it was further confirmed that the widely used equation of the penetration length by Hoefele (Equation (7)) is well suited for high Fr’ numbers but not for low Fr’ numbers, where it severely underpredicts the penetration length.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Froude Number on Submerged Gas Blowing Characteristics

2021

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The flow behavior of gas in compressible and incompressible systems was investigated at an ambient temperature in an air–water system and at an operating process temperature in the IronArc system, using computational fluid dynamics. The simulation results were verified by experiments in the air–water system and established empirical equations to enable reliable predictions of the penetration length. The simulations in the air–water system were found to replicate the experimental behavior using both the incompressible and compressible models, with only small deviations of 7–8%. A lower requirement for the modified Froude number of the gas blowing to produce a jetting behavior was also found. For gas blowing below the required modified Froude number, the results illustrate that the gas will form large pulsating bubbles instead of a steady jet, which causes the empirical equation calculations to severely underpredict the penetration length. The lower modified Froude number limit was also found to be system dependent and to have an approximate value of 300 for the studied IronArc system. For submerged blowing applications, it was found that it is important to ensure sufficiently high modified Froude numbers of the gas blowing. Then, the gas penetration length will remain stable as a jet and it will be possible to predict the values using empirical equations.

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Dimensional analysis and experimental study of gas penetration depth model for submerged side-blown equipment

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies

Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies

Hydraulic experiment on macro-instability in the lead smelting side-blown furnace

Effect of Froude Number on Submerged Gas Blowing Characteristics

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