Dimensional accuracy of extrusion- and photopolymerization-based 3D printers: In vitro study comparing printed casts

Nestler, Norbert; Wesemann, Christian; Spies, Benedikt Christopher; Beuer, Florian; Bumann, Axel

doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.11.011

Cited by 52 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…When the 3D printed models based on an intraoral scan of the quadrant model were analyzed in the present study, trueness became much worse as compared that of the intraoral scan process alone. However, the trueness values in all groups were within the clinically allowable range [ 9 ]. In the measurement results that accounted for only the 3D printing process (IOS-3DP), there were differences in median trueness between the groups, with FDM showing a high value of 75.9 μm and DLP showing a low value of 49.5 μm, while SLA showed a median value of 61.2 μm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the introduction of various products based on new technologies, difficult and complex procedures using aligners, inlays, onlays, and coverage crowns became more affordable, efficient, and simpler. Moreover, it became easier to obtain direct data, which could then be acquired and transmitted by digital platforms [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. By using such new technologies, we are able to improve diagnostic accuracy and treat patients in a more effective and comfortable manner, while also being able to provide a safer, faster, and more comfortable experience through greater availability of CAD/CAM technology [ 2 , 5 , 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, assessment of compatibility with respect to the matching process between two types of equipment with different functional principles remains somewhat unclear; 3D printers toughen resin layers with a digital optical projector or a laser beam and IOSs are a part of limited optical equipment with a depth of field that varies depending on the system. Accordingly, comparative studies on this topic are needed [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 9 , 17 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various types of 3D structures could be fabricated using STL data obtained from IOS, and various dental devices could be fabricated with 3D printers. However, there is a lack of studies on IOS based on which principle and what type of 3D printers have high compatibility and are superior [ 9 , 10 , 18 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to study whether accurate results could be obtained through print tests using data obtained from IOS printed using various types of 3D printers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study concluded that the DLP 3D printer showed the highest overall accuracy. Therefore, because technologies related to 3D printers have varying levels of trueness, this should be considered when the use of technology is assessed in dentistry and prosthodontics [ 9 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Compatibility between Various Intraoral Scanners and 3D Printers through an Accuracy Analysis of 3D Printed Models

Park

Kim

et al. 2020

Materials

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To assess the accuracy of various intraoral scanners (IOSs) and to investigate the existence of mutual compatibility that affects the accuracy between IOS and 3-dimensional (3D) printing using a scan quadrant model. For clinical implication, crown preparations and cavity design according to prosthetic diagnosis and treatment considerations must be acquired by a digital scanner. The selected typodont model was scanned using a reference scanner, from which reference (Ref) standard tessellation language (STL) data were created. Data obtained by scanning the typodont model with IOSs based on three different technologies were divided into three groups (CS3600, i500, and Trios3). Scanned data from the groups were divided into sub-groups of digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography apparatus (SLA), based on which 3D printed models (3DP) were fabricated. The 3DP dental models were scanned to obtain a total of 90 3DP STL datasets. The best-fit algorithm of 3D analysis software was used for teeth and arch measurements, while trueness was analyzed by calculating the average deviation among measured values based on superimposition of Ref and IOS and 3DP data. The differences between Ref and IOS (Ref-IOS), Ref and 3DP (Ref-IOS/3DP), and IOS and 3DP data (IOS-3DP) were compared and analyzed, while accuracy within each of the three main groups was assessed. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and repeated measures ANOVA test were used (p < 0.05). The major finding is that the mutual relationships between IOSs and 3D printers vary depending on the combination. However, i500 intraoral scanner and DLP 3D printer was the combination that showed the best trueness value.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Compatibility between Various Intraoral Scanners and 3D Printers through an Accuracy Analysis of 3D Printed Models

Park

Kim

et al. 2020

Materials

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Fast Visible‐Light 3D Printing of Conductive PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels

Lopez‐Larrea

Gallastegui

Lezama

et al. 2023

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Functional inks for light‐based 3D printing are actively being searched for being able to exploit all the potentialities of additive manufacturing. Herein, a fast visible‐light photopolymerization process is showed of conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. For this purpose, a new Type II photoinitiator system (PIS) based on riboflavin (Rf), triethanolamine (TEA), and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated for the visible light photopolymerization of acrylic monomers. PEDOT:PSS has a dual role by accelerating the photoinitiation process and providing conductivity to the obtained hydrogels. Using this PIS, full monomer conversion is achieved in less than 2 min using visible light. First, the PIS mechanism is studied, proposing that electron transfer between the triplet excited state of the dye (3Rf*) and the amine (TEA) is catalyzed by PEDOT:PSS. Second, a series of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate)/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels with different compositions are obtained by photopolymerization. The presence of PEDOT:PSS negatively influences the swelling properties of hydrogels, but significantly increases its mechanical modulus and electrical properties. The new PIS has also been tested for 3D printing in a commercially available Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer (405 nm wavelength), obtaining high resolution and 500 µm hole size conductive scaffolds.

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A systematic evaluation of medical 3D printing accuracy of multi‐pathological anatomical models for surgical planning manufactured in elastic and rigid material using desktop inverted vat photopolymerization

et al. 2021

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Purpose The dimensional accuracy of three‐dimensional (3D) printed anatomical models is essential to correctly understand spatial relationships and enable safe presurgical planning. Most recent accuracy studies focused on 3D printing of a single pathology for surgical planning. This study evaluated the accuracy of medical models across multiple pathologies, using desktop inverted vat photopolymerization (VP) to 3D print anatomic models using both rigid and elastic materials. Methods In the primary study, we 3D printed seven models (six anatomic models and one reference cube) with volumes ranging from ~2 to ~209 cc. The anatomic models spanned multiple pathologies (neurological, cardiovascular, abdominal, musculoskeletal). Two solid measurement landing blocks were strategically created around the pathology to allow high‐resolution measurement using a digital micrometer and/or caliper. The physical measurements were compared to the designed dimensions, and further analysis was conducted regarding the observed patterns in accuracy. All of the models were printed in three resins: Elastic, Clear, and Grey Pro in the primary experiments. A full factorial block experimental design was employed and a total of 42 models were 3D printed in 21 print runs. In the secondary study, we 3D printed two of the anatomic models in triplicates selected from the previous six to evaluate the effect of 0.1 mm vs 0.05 mm layer height on the accuracy. Results In the primary experiment, all dimensional errors were less than 1 mm. The average dimensional error across the 42 models was 0.238 ± 0.219 mm and the relative error was 1.10 ± 1.13%. Results from the secondary experiments were similar with an average dimensional error of 0.252 ± 0.213 mm and relative error of 1.52% ± 1.28% across 18 models. There was a statistically significant difference in the relative errors between the Elastic resin and Clear resin groups. We explained this difference by evaluating inverted VP 3D printing peel forces. There was a significant difference between the Solid and Hollow group of models. There was a significant difference between measurement landing blocks oriented Horizontally and Vertically. In the secondary experiments, there was no difference in accuracy between the 0.10 and 0.05 mm layer heights. Conclusions The maximum measured error was less than 1 mm across all models, and the mean error was less than 0.26mm. Therefore, inverted VP 3D printing technology is suitable for medical 3D printing if 1 mm is considered the cutoff for clinical use cases. The 0.1 mm layer height is suitable for 3D printing accurate anatomical models for presurgical planning in a majority of cases. Elastic models, models oriented horizontally, and models that are hollow tend to have relatively higher deviation as seen from experimental results and mathematical model predictions. While clinically insignificant using a 1 mm cutoff, further research is needed to better understand the complex physical interactions in VP 3D printing which influence model accuracy.

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Dimensional accuracy of extrusion- and photopolymerization-based 3D printers: In vitro study comparing printed casts

Cited by 52 publications

References 25 publications

Assessment of Compatibility between Various Intraoral Scanners and 3D Printers through an Accuracy Analysis of 3D Printed Models

Assessment of Compatibility between Various Intraoral Scanners and 3D Printers through an Accuracy Analysis of 3D Printed Models

Fast Visible‐Light 3D Printing of Conductive PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels

A systematic evaluation of medical 3D printing accuracy of multi‐pathological anatomical models for surgical planning manufactured in elastic and rigid material using desktop inverted vat photopolymerization

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