“…However, the natural recalcitrance of bamboo lignocellulose makes it difficult to be converted into fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals. Although a variety of pretreatment methods, including physical, biological, chemical, and combination pretreatments, have been used in the biomass materials biorefinery process, leading lignocellulose pretreatment technologies still suffer from severe reaction conditions, the possibility of serious pollution, narrow substrate applicability, low reaction efficiency, and high capital investment (Wyman et al 2005;Leenakul and Tippayawong 2010). Therefore, it is imperative to explore an efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost-competitive way to pretreat bamboo residue for biorefinery processes.…”