Digits forward and digits backward as two separate tests: Normative data on 1567 school children

Gardner, Richard A.

doi:10.1080/15374418109533032

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The descriptive statistics for task performance are presented in Table 3. Twin performance on Digit Span aligned well with normative Forward and Backward results in eight year old boys and girls (Table 3) [49]. Twin performance on the flanker task (Table 3) was also in normative ranges based on previous reports [50].…”

Section: Preliminary Analysessupporting

confidence: 74%

“…This procedure allowed us to use gene methylation summary statistics to characterize the data and reduce the number of statistical tests to avoid Type 1 errors. PCA is an established technique that has been used to reduce high-dimensionality of methylation data [37,[48][49][50]. PCA projects data into new orthogonal directions corresponding to the directions of maximum variance (not amount).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dopaminergic gene methylation is associated with cognitive performance in a childhood monozygotic twin study

et al. 2019

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Individual differences in cognitive function are due to a combination of heritable and non-heritable factors. A large body of evidence from clinical, cognitive, and pharmacological neuroscience implicates dopaminergic gene variants as modulators of cognitive functions. Neuroepigenetic studies demonstrate environmental factors also influence complex phenotypes by affecting gene expression regulation. To evaluate the mechanism of environmental influence on cognitive abilities, we examined if epigenetic regulation of dopaminergic genes plays a role in cognition. Using a DNA methylation profiling microarray, we used a monozygotic (MZ) twin difference design to evaluate if co-twin differences in methylation of CpG sites near six dopaminergic genes predicted differences in response inhibition and memory performance. Studying MZ twins allows us to assess if environmentally driven differences in methylation affect differences in phenotype while controlling for the influence of genotype and shared family environment. Response inhibition was assessed with the flanker task and short-term and working memory were assessed with digit span recall. We found MZ co-twin differences in DRD4 gene methylation predicted differences in short-term memory. MZ differences in COMT, DBH, DAT1, DRD1, and DRD2 gene methylation predicted differences in response inhibition. Taken together, findings suggest methylation status of dopaminergic genes may influence cognitive functions in a dissociable manner. Our results highlight the importance of the epigenome and environment, over and above the influence of genotype, in supporting complex cognitive functions. ARTICLE HISTORYORCID Candace R. Lewis http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-9989 Reagan S. Breitenstein http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9998-166X

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Section: Preliminary Analysessupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopaminergic gene methylation is associated with cognitive performance in a childhood monozygotic twin study

et al. 2019

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“…This may explain prior observations that only DSB (not DST or DSF) was capable of distinguishing between clinical subgroups (i.e., ADHD; Rosenthal et al, 2006 ). Thus, our results validate concerns in the behavioral literature that using DST may obscure our understanding of the underlying neural differences ( Gardner, 1981 , Reynolds, 1997 ). At a minimum, we suggest future studies employing the DST should also examine both DSF and DSB.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Intrinsic brain indices of verbal working memory capacity in children and adolescents

Yang

Jutagir

Koyama

et al. 2015

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

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Working memory (WM) is central to the acquisition of knowledge and skills throughout childhood and adolescence. While numerous behavioral and task-based fMRI studies have examined WM development, few have used resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI). Here, we present a systematic R-fMRI examination of age-related differences in the neural indices of verbal WM performance in a cross-sectional pediatric sample (ages: 7–17; n=68), using data-driven approaches. Verbal WM capacity was measured with the digit span task, a commonly used educational and clinical assessment. We found distinct neural indices of digit span forward (DSF) and backward (DSB) performance, reflecting their unique neuropsychological demands. Regardless of age, DSB performance was related to intrinsic properties of brain areas previously implicated in attention and cognitive control, while DSF performance was related to areas less commonly implicated in verbal WM storage (precuneus, lateral visual areas). From a developmental perspective, DSF exhibited more robust age-related differences in brain-behavior relationships than DSB, and implicated a broader range of networks (ventral attention, default, somatomotor, limbic networks) - including a number of regions not commonly associated with verbal WM (angular gyrus, subcallosum). These results highlight the importance of examining the neurodevelopment of verbal WM and of considering regions beyond the “usual suspects”.

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“…Performance for both forward-and backward-recall order was assessed. Studies in the verbal domain have shown that forward-recall of digits is better than backward-recall (Gardner, 1981), because reversing the order of a verbal sequence requires that the input be transformed and thus makes additional demands on executive processing resources (Scho®eld & Ashman, 1986). To date, only a handful of studies have compared forward and backward-recall with visuospatial material, with inconclusive results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Working memory components of the Corsi blocks task

Vandierendonck

Kemps

Fastame

et al. 2004

British J of Psychology

259

223

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A computerized version of the Corsi blocks task (Milner, 1971) was assessed for standard forward-recall order (Experiments 1 and 3) and for reversed-recall order (Experiments 2 and 3) either in a single-task or in a dual-task design combined with articulatory suppression, matrix-tapping, random-interval generation or fixed-interval generation as concurrent tasks during the encoding stage. Concurrent performance of the matrix-tapping task impaired memory performance for short as well as for longer block sequences. The random-interval generation task, which loads executive processes, impaired memory performance mainly at intermediate- and longer-sequence lengths, while fixed-interval generation, which is presumed to put no load on executive processing, did not show any effect. Articulatory suppression did not impair memory performance on forward-recall order, but it impaired memory for longer sequences in the backward-recall condition in Experimentt 2, but not in Experiment 3. The results are discussed within the context of the working-memory model of Baddeley and Hitch (1974

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Digits forward and digits backward as two separate tests: Normative data on 1567 school children

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Dopaminergic gene methylation is associated with cognitive performance in a childhood monozygotic twin study

Dopaminergic gene methylation is associated with cognitive performance in a childhood monozygotic twin study

Intrinsic brain indices of verbal working memory capacity in children and adolescents

Working memory components of the Corsi blocks task

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