“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected many cultural organizations, including educational institutions, libraries and museums (Fasae et al , 2021; Huang et al , 2021, 2022; 2023; Guo et al , 2021; Meng et al , 2023; Yu et al , 2023), though we are now ready for reopening (Abbass et al , 2022; Suh and Alhaery, 2022; Kumar et al , 2021). Wide-spread and high-quality online information services have provided alternative sources during the lockdown (Ding et al , 2021; Hsieh et al , 2023; Lo and Chiu, 2015; Lo et al , 2015, 2017; Suen et al , 2020; Dong et al , 2021; Sun et al , 2022; Wang et al , 2016; Wong and Chiu, 2023; Fan and Liu, 2022; Zuo et al , 2023; Cheng et al , 2022; Cheng, 2022; Wang et al , 2022; Wong et al , 2023) and people have further changed their information and learning habits to digital, particularly for the newer generation (Chan et al , 2022; Chan et al , 2020; Dai and Chiu, 2023; Guo et al , 2022; Shahzad and Khan, 2022; Soroya and Faiola, 2023; Sung and Chiu, 2022; Yi and Chiu, 2023; Wai et al , 2018; Wong and Chiu, 2023; Yu et al , 2022; Zhang et al , 2021). Moreover, the pandemic has accelerated service transformation (Chan et al , 2022; Cheng et al , 2022; Chin and Chiu, 2023; Khan and Ayesha, 2022; Khan et al , 2022; Li et al , 2023; Li et al , 2023; Lin et al , 2022; Lo et al ., 2020; Noh, 2022; Nwagwu and Matobako, 2022; Tseng and Chiu, 2022; Tse et al , 2022; Yao et al , 2023; Wong and Chiu, 2023; Wu et al , 2022b, 2023; Xue et al , 2023), especially supported by ubiquitous mobile Internet services, social media, apps and devices (Dukic et al , 2015; Ezeamuzie et al , 2022; Fan et al , 2020; Fung et al , 2016; Gong et al , 2017; Hui et al , 2023;…”