Digital Transformation of Microgrids: A Review of Design, Operation, Optimization, and Cybersecurity

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the future digitalization of microgrids to meet the increasing energy demand. It begins with an overview of the background of microgrids, including their components and configurations, control and management strategies, and optimization techniques. It then discusses the key digital technologies that can be used to improve the performance of microgrids, including distributed energy resources management systems, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, digital twin technology, cloud computing, and augmented reality. The paper also highlights the importance of cybersecurity in microgrids, identifying the potential security vulnerabilities and threats to microgrid cybersecurity, as well as strategies for addressing these challenges. Finally, the paper discusses the barriers and challenges regarding the digitalization of microgrids, including technical complexity, high implementation costs, regulatory barriers, data privacy and security concerns, lack of standardization, interoperability issues, limited technical expertise, and integration with the main grid. Overall, this paper demonstrates the significant potential for digital technologies to transform the future of microgrids. By leveraging advanced technologies and implementing effective cybersecurity measures, microgrids can become more efficient, reliable, and resilient, enabling them to meet the growing demand for energy and contribute to a sustainable energy future.

Blockchain technology in the renewable energy sector: A co-word analysis of academic discourse

“…The potential of blockchain to revolutionize decentralized management of energy systems is underscored in the academic literature. This concept emphasizes a shift towards energy systems managed in a decentralized fashion, utilizing blockchain to bolster their resilience and adaptability [ 160 , 179 ].…”

“…Lastly, the inclusion of 'Digital Twin' illustrates the nascent application of blockchain in creating virtual replicas of physical energy systems. Prior studies point to an emerging trend where blockchain could play a role in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of digital twins in renewable energy systems [ 155 , 179 , 187 ].…”

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Enhanced Sustainable Energy Management

“…Integrating AI with IoT and smart technologies promotes a comprehensive and networked strategy for sustainable energy management. The synergy enables stakeholders to optimize energy systems, make data-driven decisions, and improve the energy landscape's sustainability and efficiency [45]. Figure 3 presents an overview of smart technologies and the IoT.…”

Enhancing Cybersecurity in Distributed Microgrids: A Review of Communication Protocols and Standards

“…A microgrid is a comprehensive system that includes energy storage, different energy sources, and loads within a certain boundary. It functions seamlessly, whether it is linked to, or works independently from, the main electrical grid, ensuring a consistent power supply [1][2][3]. Microgrids consist of distributed energy resources (DER) and loads, which may be located in one place or spread throughout an electrical distribution network [1,2].…”

“…It functions seamlessly, whether it is linked to, or works independently from, the main electrical grid, ensuring a consistent power supply [1][2][3]. Microgrids consist of distributed energy resources (DER) and loads, which may be located in one place or spread throughout an electrical distribution network [1,2]. Their energy source is dependable and can efficiently regulate power distribution in interconnected grid situations or operate autonomously in island mode.…”