“…As long as students do not possess these skills themselves, scaffolds and scripts can help them to navigate, choose, and make use of adequate learning tasks (e.g., de Boer et al, 2013 ; Lehmann et al, 2014 ). AI and educational data analytics, as suggested by Iglesias-Pradas et al (this issue), web-based educational hypermedia systems that automatically accommodate individual characteristics (e.g., Magoulas et al, 2003 ), and, more general, adaptive learning environments, like cognitive and metacognitive tutoring systems (e.g., Ritter et al, 2007 ; Roll et al, 2007 ) or interactive textbooks (e.g., Reinhold et al, 2020 ), are hence promising ways to provide personalized feedback and realize individualized learning in online higher education (see also Hillmayr, Ziernwald, Reinhold, Hofer, & Reiss, 2020 ). In online teaching and learning environments, scripting and scaffolding can be adaptively and flexibly linked to specific activities, roles, or errors made during task completion, assessed from wherever and whenever needed, and faded with increasing expertise ( Gerard, 2015 ; Kim et al, 2019 ; Reinhold et al, 2020 ).…”