Digital stereophotogrammetry for processing SEM Data

Koenig, G.; Nickel, Walter; Storl, J.; Meyer, Dipl.-Math. Uwe; Stange, Jan

doi:10.1002/sca.4950090502

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Scanning electron microscopes can now be operated by digital scan generators with the signal level recorded at each pixel as a digital value. Such images in computer frame store can then be analysed automatically (Alff, 1987;Holburn and Smith, 1979;Koenig et al, 1987;Tovey, 1978). Software for automated analysis of stereopairs has been produced commercially (for example, by Link Systems, in the UK and Noran Instruments and Princeton Gamma Tech in the USA; the software sold by Link contains a specific solution to the resorption pit measurement problem).…”

Section: Automated Analysis Of Digital Scanning Electron Micrographsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Really Close Up! Surveying Surfaces at Sub‐micrometre Resolution: The Measurement of Osteoclastic Resorption Lacunae

Boyde

Jones

1992

The Photogrammetric Record

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The authors discuss systems for the three dimensional measurement of microscopic features, in particular the pits made by isolated bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts) in test substrates with flat surfaces; such measurements may be used to assay the work done by these cells. Confocal light microscopy, with its very shallow depth of jield, seems to be replacing scanning electron microscopic stereophotogrammetry as the preferred method for such measurement.BOYDE, A,, 1968. Height measurements from stereopair scanning electron micrographs. Beitruege zur Elektronenmikroskopische Direktabbrldung yon Oberjlaechen. Munster, I: 97-105. BOYDE, A., 1970a. Practical methods, application and problems of 3-D analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Scanning Electron Microscopy 1970 (Ed. 0. Johari). Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois. Pages 193-200. BOYDE, A,, 1970b. Calibration of the specimen stage of the Stereoscan. Beitruege zur Elektronenrnikroskopische Direktabbildung van Oberjlaechen, Munster, 3: 403-4 10. BOYDE, A,, 1971. The tooth surface. In Theprevenlion ofperiodontaldisease(J. E. Eastoe, D. C. A. Picton and A. G. Alexander, Editors). Henry Kimpton, London. 244 pages: 46-63. BOYDE, A., 1973. Quantitative photogrammetric analyses and qualitative stereoscopic analysis of SEM images. Journal of Microscopy, 98(3): 452-47 I. BOYDE, A,, I974a. A stereo-plotting device for SEM micrographs: and a real-time 3-D system for the SEM. Scanning Electron Microscopy I974 (Ed. 0. Johari and 1. Corvin). Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois. Page 93-100. BOYDE, A,, 1974b. Photogrammetry of stereopair SEM images using separate measurements from the two images. /bid.: 101-108. BOYDE, A,, 1 9 7 4~. Real-time stereo TV speed SEM. Beitraege zur Elektronenmikroskopische Direktabbildung yon Oberjaechen. Munster. 7: 22 1-230. BOYDE, A,, 1975. Measurement of specimen height difference and beam tilt angle in anaglyph real-time

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Section: Automated Analysis Of Digital Scanning Electron Micrographsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Really Close Up! Surveying Surfaces at Sub‐micrometre Resolution: The Measurement of Osteoclastic Resorption Lacunae

Boyde

Jones

1992

The Photogrammetric Record

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“…In an attempt to rid the data of distorted values, points from the ice crystals were collected predominantly from the center 80% of photographs, where other distortions were observed to be negligible in micrographs of reference grids made under similar imaging conditions (Bastacky, unpublished data). Koenig et al (1987) took digital output from an SEM to an autocorrelation program. They, however, noticed that repeating structures such as microscope grids created problems for autocorrelation programs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital photogrammetric quantification of surface area and volume on scanning electron micrographs of frozen hydrated lung tissue

et al. 1996

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Summary:A digital video plotter (DVP, Leica), the personal computer equivalent of an analytical plotter, was used to measure the coordinates of points chosen from stereo pair images of the surface of frozen hydrated lung imaged at magnifications of 2000 and 5000× with a low-temperature scanning electron microscope (SEM). Rat lung tissue was frozen in vivo with a liquid nitrogen cryoprobe under carefully controlled physiologic conditions. At slow freezing rates, water in the aqueous layer at the surface of the lung segregates into ice crystals (dendrites) which branch in the plane of the surface. Coordinates of points on dendrite surfaces were measured by the DVP and passed to TERRAMODEL (Plus III Software, a land modeling program) where they were used to generate a three-dimensional model, from which surface area and planimetric area of the lung surface were calculated. Additional measurements were made at the top and bottom of the ice structures and a Basic language program was written to calculate the volume of ice on the lung surface. Digital photogrammetry coupled with low-temperature SEM of frozen samples allows measurement of water and water-containing microstructures ubiquitous in biology.

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“…Early applications of the technique relied on traditional stereophotogrammetry practice with the stereo pairs being obtained by tilting the specimen stage (Boyde 1974). More recently, with the advent of low-cost computation, image correlation techniques have supplanted manual analysis, although the principle remains fundamentally unchanged (Koenig et al 1987, Kayaalp et al 1987) Specimen tilting presents some difficulties that renders it unsuitable for in siru height measurements. Due to mechanical imperfections in a eucentric stage, lateral movement of the specimen that can result in misregistration between a stereo image pair comprising highly regular micron-level structures (e.g., an array of memory cells in an integrated circuit) is inevitable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ topography measurement in the SEM

Thong

Breton

1992

Scanning

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An automatic technique for measuring heights in situ in the SEM based on a combination of stereo‐metric and focusing methods has been developed. A pair of images of a surface element on the specimen is obtained by tilting the beam electrically in a manner such that the plane containing the tilt axis is coincident with the focal plane of the final lens. Cross‐correlation is used to determine the parallax between the image pair which is then used to iteratively correct the height of the tilt axis by changing the lens focus. As a result, the lens focus tracks the specimen topography. With an appropriate specimen surface containing high resolution features for image correlation, the technique is capable of maintaining both its lateral and vertical resolutions over several decades of height displacement up to 100 μm. In an experimental system based on a commercial electron‐optical column, spot, line profile, and three‐dimensional measurements have been demonstrated.

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Digital stereophotogrammetry for processing SEM Data

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

Really Close Up! Surveying Surfaces at Sub‐micrometre Resolution: The Measurement of Osteoclastic Resorption Lacunae

Really Close Up! Surveying Surfaces at Sub‐micrometre Resolution: The Measurement of Osteoclastic Resorption Lacunae

Digital photogrammetric quantification of surface area and volume on scanning electron micrographs of frozen hydrated lung tissue

In situ topography measurement in the SEM

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