Digital Revolution for Hajj Crowd Management: A Technology Survey

Felemban, Emad; Rehman, Faizan Ur; Biabani, Sardar Asad Ali; Ahmad, Akhlaq; Naseer, Atif; Majid, Abdur Rahman Muhammad Abdul; Hussain, Omar K.; Qamar, Ahmad; Falemban, Rowid; Zanjir, Fakhri

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3037396

Cited by 47 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 100 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…The proposed system can define multiple crowd measures including direction, location, velocity, and density. Other related works have been also discussed in [ 125 – 130 ].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of IoT Research Technologies and Applications Serving Hajj and Umrah

Shambour

Gutub

2021

Arab J Sci Eng

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The term IoT technology is associated with many fields, including scientific, commercial, industrial, health, transportation and other fields, which became a necessity of daily life across all segments of society. Artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, data science and big data are among the most prominent fields of technologies in the modern era of e-knowledge, which are increasingly being relied on in many areas of our life. This research is considered very special and urgent affecting around 20% of the humanities, i.e., Muslim people, whom try to be selected to perform Islamic rituals every year. Given this importance of applying and adapting technologies to serve Hajj and Umrah performers, it is necessary to conduct an analytical study for the technologies and their applications that have been applied in the Hajj and Umrah system. The surveyed studies have been classified, according to their targeted services (focus area), into four main branches, including studies of the two holy mosques and the holy sites, studies of the pre-arrival visitors, housing and services studies, and transportation and crowd management studies. The classified studies were analyzed according to research field, research instrument, statistical method, nature of statistical data, data collection tools, and research citations. The paper outcome opens novel research practical directions selected based on holistic overview of the current technologies analytical survey, which is essential to be considered to improve Hajj and Umrah services coping with today’s technology, in addition to discussing other open issues that need further deep research.

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“…The proposed system can define multiple crowd measures including direction, location, velocity, and density. Other related works have been also discussed in [ 125 – 130 ].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of IoT Research Technologies and Applications Serving Hajj and Umrah

Shambour

Gutub

2021

Arab J Sci Eng

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“…Hajj consists of complex and intense activities (rituals) in a prescribed sequence (Yamin and Albugami, 2014;Fourati et al, 2017) [4,11]. The planning of pilgrim movements and transport from one site to another during the event is an enormous task (Fourati et al, 2017;Felemban et al, 2020) [11,9]. Strictly marked territorial boundaries of the specific Hajj sites limit the capacities of the sites.…”

Section: A Hajj Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inadequate crowd management can lead to high levels of crowd density and overcrowding, which in turn may have deleterious effects on participants' safety (Al-Nabulsi and Drury, 2014) [17]. As indicated, the outcomes range from minor (getting lost), to moderate (injuries, heat exposure) and major (crushing disasters, deaths) ( [4,18,6,10,19,9]. These incidents are attributed to human bottlenecks, heavy crowds, and unsuccessful crowd movement control (Mlybari et al, 2016;Alaska et al, 2016;Fourati et al, 2017;Owaidah et al, 2019) [20,21,11,18].…”

Section: B Crowd Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hajj, the pilgrimage to Makkah in Saudi Arabia, takes place at several holy sites every year between 8th and 12th of Dhulhijjah, the 12th month in the Islamic (lunar) calendar (Yamin and Albugami, 2014) [4]. With a crowd of up to three million people comprised of Muslims from all over the world, Hajj is the largest annual MG globally (Tunasar, 2013;Osman and Shaout, 2014;Basalamah, 2016;Khwaja, 2017;Felemban et al, 2020) [5,6,7,8,9]. With an already large and ordinarily increasing numbers of pilgrims each year, Hajj authorities will continue to face bigger challenges, primarily relating to the safety and security of pilgrims (Fourati et al, 2017) [11].…”

Section: Iintroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper focuses on the two rituals performed in the Grand Mosque (GM) during Hajj, on the 3rd day of Hajj: Tawaf Al-ifadah (walking in a counterclockwise direction seven times around the Ka'aba); and Sayee (pilgrims walk and/or run seven times back and forth) between the two hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah, close to the Tawaf area (Felemban et al, 2020) [9].…”

Section: Iintroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Modelling Mass Crowd Using Discrete Event Simulation: A Case Study of Integrated Tawaf and Sayee Rituals During Hajj

et al. 2021

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Hajj is a mass gathering event that takes place annually in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Typically, around three million people participate in the event and perform rituals that involve their movements within strict space and time restrictions. Despite efforts by the Hajj organisers, such massive crowd gathering and movement cause overcrowding related problems at the Hajj sites. Several previous simulation studies on Hajj focused on the rituals individually. Tawaf, followed by Sayee, are two important rituals that are performed by all the pilgrims at the same venue on the same day. These events have a strong potential for crowd buildup and related problems. As opposed the previous works in the literature, in this paper we study these two events jointly, rather than separately. We use ExtendSim, a Discrete Event Simulation tool, to integrate the Tawaf and Sayee rituals into one model. The validated model was applied to a wide range of scenarios where different percentages of pilgrims were allocated to the various Tawaf and Sayee areas. The effect of such allocations on the time to complete Tawaf and Sayee indicate strategies for managing these two key Hajj rituals.

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