A channelizer is used to separate users or channels in communication systems. A polyphase channelizer is a type of channelizer that uses polyphase filtering to filter, downsample, and downconvert simultaneously. With graphics processing unit (GPU) technology, we propose a novel GPU-based polyphase channelizer architecture that delivers high throughput. This architecture has advantages of providing reduced complexity and optimized parallel processing of many channels, while being configurable via software. This makes our approach and implementation particularly attractive for using GPUs as DSP accelerators for communication systems.