Digital Radio-Frequency Transmitters: An Introduction and Tutorial

Winoto, Renaldi

doi:10.1109/mssc.2018.2844605

“…In contrast to the existing works [17], [18], [20], which consider the Cartesian transmitter with finite-resolution DACs and/or CE precoding in massive MIMO, we focus in this paper on the polar radio transmitter architecture. This architecture can benefit significantly from CMOS process downscaling and highly-efficient DPAs, contrary to the Cartesian architecture [37]. To better understand the potential advantages of the polar transmitter, we first investigate the average sum-rate, SER, and out-of-band (OOB) spectral emissions of the quantized polar transmitter in the wideband multi-user massive MIMO-OFDM downlink system.…”

Section: B Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Polar Transmitters for Massive MIMO: Sum-Rate and Power Efficiency Analysis

Xu

¹

,

Lampu

²

,

Kosunen

³

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

0

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In this article, we comprehensively investigate the potential of the digital polar radio transmitter architecture for multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) downlink system. In terms of throughput performance, we derive a lower bound for the average sum-rate achievable with Gaussian signaling inputs and zero-forcing (ZF) precoding based on Bussgang decomposition. By diagonal approximation, we derive an approximate, yet accurate, model for the distortion caused by uniform polar quantization, which can be used to evaluate the corresponding sum-rate in closed form. To assess the power efficiency, we provide power consumption models with realistic parameters and values for the quantized polar and Cartesian transmitters, based on state-of-the-art integrated circuit (IC) designs and measurements. Extensive numerical results demonstrate that the proposed quantized polar transmitter can enable excellent performance in terms of average sum-rate, symbol error rate (SER), and out-of-band (OOB) emission level, compared to the Cartesian architecture. Furthermore, the power consumption comparisons show that the digital polar transmitter can save more than 36% in the energy consumption under 64-antenna setting in typical 5G enhanced mobile broadband use cases, thus making it highly appealing for future power-efficient massive MIMO transmitter implementations.

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“…1-3], all the development is confidential. The technical information about converters and digital frequency synthesis is now in magazines [Mur15,Neu17,Cor04,Cor04,VB15,Win18] and books [Cla13], [HBM15], [Hoe16,Chap. 3], [Man12], [ML13,, [Sym13].…”

Section: Introduction and State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-Noise and Amplitude-Noise Measurement of DACs and DDSs

Calosso

¹

,

Olaya

²

,

Rubiola

³

2020

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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This article proposes a method for the measurement of Phase Noise (PN, or PM noise) and Amplitude Noise (AN, or AM noise) of Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) and Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS) based on modulation-index amplification. The carrier is first reduced by a controlled amount (30-40 dB) by adding a reference signal of nearly equal amplitude and opposite in phase. Then, residual carrier and noise sidebands are amplified and sent to a conventional PN analyzer. The main virtues of our method are: (i) the noise specs of the PN analyzer are relaxed by a factor equal to the carrier suppression ratio; and, (ii) the capability to measure the AN using a PN analyzer, with no need for the analyzer to feature AN measurement. An obvious variant enables AN and PN measurements using an AN analyzer with no PN measurement capability. Such instrument is extremely simple and easy to implement with a power-detector diode followed by a FFT analyzer. Unlike the classical bridge (interferometric) method, there is no need for external line stretcher and variable attenuators because phase and amplitude control is implemented in the device under test. In one case (AD9144), we could measure the noise over 10 decades of frequency. The flicker noise matches the exact 1/f law with a maximum discrepancy of ±1 dB over 7.5 decades. Thanks to simplicity, reliability, and low background noise, this method has the potential to become the standard method for the AN and PN measurement of DACs and DDSs.

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“…While basic principles of conversion are rather mature [1,, all the development is confidential. The technical information about converters and digital frequency synthesis is now in magazines [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] and books [8], [9], [10,Chap. 3], [11], [12,, [13].…”

Section: Introduction and State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-Noise and Amplitude-Noise Measurement of DACs and DDSs

Calosso

¹

,

Olaya

²

,

Rubiola

³

2019

2019 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF/IFC)

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This article proposes a method for the measurement of Phase Noise (PN, or PM noise) and Amplitude Noise (AN, or AM noise) of Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) and Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS) based on modulation-index amplification. The carrier is first reduced by a controlled amount (30-40 dB) by adding a reference signal of nearly equal amplitude and opposite in phase. Then, residual carrier and noise sidebands are amplified and sent to a conventional PN analyzer. The main virtues of our method are: (i) the noise specs of the PN analyzer are relaxed by a factor equal to the carrier suppression ratio; and, (ii) the capability to measure the AN using a PN analyzer, with no need for the analyzer to feature AN measurement. An obvious variant enables AN and PN measurements using an AN analyzer with no PN measurement capability. Such instrument is extremely simple and easy to implement with a power-detector diode followed by a FFT analyzer. Unlike the classical bridge (interferometric) method, there is no need for external line stretcher and variable attenuators because phase and amplitude control is implemented in the device under test. In one case (AD9144), we could measure the noise over 10 decades of frequency. The flicker noise matches the exact 1/f law with a maximum discrepancy of ±1 dB over 7.5 decades. Thanks to simplicity, reliability, and low background noise, this method has the potential to become the standard method for the AN and PN measurement of DACs and DDSs.

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Digital Radio-Frequency Transmitters: An Introduction and Tutorial

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Digital Polar Transmitters for Massive MIMO: Sum-Rate and Power Efficiency Analysis

Digital Polar Transmitters for Massive MIMO: Sum-Rate and Power Efficiency Analysis

Phase-Noise and Amplitude-Noise Measurement of DACs and DDSs

Phase-Noise and Amplitude-Noise Measurement of DACs and DDSs

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